Marketing audit Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words - 1

Marketing audit - Essay Example The study discusses potential theories and literatures available on marketing audit and describes its importance for present day organizations. Conducting a marketing audit for any organization involves analysis of the external and internal environments of the organization. Analysis of the external environment can be done through various models and frameworks which have been proposed by previous researchers. These analytical frameworks consider various crucial aspects of the external environment which have potential influence on the business operations of the organization. While scanning the environmental elements of Lenovo various factors have been considered which are external to the organization and have significant influence on it. Similarly the internal environment of the organization has also been analyzed deeply to identify the potential strengths and barriers which exist within the organization. While scanning the internal environmental of the organisation, various theories a nd analysis have been implemented to analyse the resources and capabilities present within it. For data collection various news and texts have been used as secondary sources. These organizational data are analyzed and inferred for identifying the strengths and weaknesses of the organization. A systematic plan for action has been suggested as recommendation at the end of the report. Marketing audit states the importance of aligning the marketing operations with the objectives of the business as well as the capabilities of the organization. Once it gets aligned, the organization experiences increased level of potential in its profit making and marketing activities. If classified broadly the process of marketing audit involves proper understanding of the goals, identifying current resources and techniques to be utilized by the organization, collecting information from organizational and non-organizational sources for understanding the internal environment of the organization and

Innovation & Chnage in Nursing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Innovation & Chnage in Nursing - Essay Example Cultivating an understanding of the process of professional change can also prove essential towards the objective of increasing workplace diversity. (Friday & Friday, 2003) There are many phases to the process of change, considerable research on the process having been described by Lewin, (1951) who elucidated in a psychological context of the stages of change, of which the movement phase is the second one. Which follows unfreezing, and is then in turn is followed by a phase of a re-freezing. (Lewin, 1951) Complexities and pitfalls exist both in terms of operational behavior as well as personal beliefs. During the implementation of organizational change a critical phase in the process is what is described as the movement phase. The goal of this phase in a professional organization is to enable and encourage the employees to find ways to embrace a new vision that the organization will need to develop. Each nurse, or employee in general must look within themselves and find ways that th ey can make the new direction of the organization work for them, in their specific situation and job description. A series of short term limited steps may be required to facilitate the transition between older modes of operation. Short term goals should be set to encourage the replacement of outdated methods in favor of movement towards the higher objective of an effective organizational transition. Kotter and associates have also proposed an explanation of the step-wise change process, by which the three overarching objectives can be translated into smaller steps for a smoother transition. (Kotter, 1996), (MLDC, 2010) Adequate planning and goal-setting are essential to coordinate the changes occurring within the organization, and how all personnel will be required to implement their part of the changes. Short-term goals will include accommodation for likely sources of resistance, as well as tactics necessary to overcome those sources. Among these short-term goals to facilitate the movement phase, it is important to remove psychological barriers. (Kotter, 1996) Objects and artifacts that may symbolize the older operational process, or tools that are specifically applicable to prior goals and values should be removed without delay, unless such articles are essential in the hospital's new operational strategy. Anything that can function as a psychological 'anchor', reminding nurses and other employees of prior goals and outdated standards must be replaced. All employees should be reminded of the potential of the new recommendations and their promise for the future. This transition can be assisted by the implementation of 'short-term wins', to demonstrate ongoing progress towards the ultimate goal. Target dates for measurable changes are helpful. Short-term steps in the right direction must clearly communicated throughout the hospital, and higher staff should be made available to assist employees with the implementation, and modification of benchmarks, if necessa ry. The medical employees responsible for implementing the changes should certainly be included in planning meetings; if those operational changes would affect them, or make additional demands. These objectives must be readily achievable. They should clearly contribute to the new direction of the organization. The exact structuring of these benchmarks may be eased by looking at prior instances in which the organization needed

On the Importance of the Educational Experience Essay Example for Free

On the Importance of the Educational Experience Essay In Democracy and Education Dewey presents his views regarding the three functions of education. He gives the main function of education, these being: (1) Education should simplify and order the factors of the dispositions it wants to develop, (2) Education should purify and idealize existing social customs, and (3) Education should create a wider and better balanced environment which will influence the young (Dewey 37). He notes that these stand as a requirement for enabling the development of a progressive and democratic society wherein he defines a progressive society as one in which â€Å"individual variations are considered precious†¦ (thereby) allowing for intellectual freedom and the play of diverse gifts and interests in its educational measure† (Dewey 451). Dewey’s views thereby relate the importance of the experience within educational institutions to that of ensuring democracy within a particular community. Since the foundations of democracy are that of liberty and equality, Dewey places emphasis on the necessity of ensuring that intellectual freedom may be practiced within the context of an institution that allows diversity. Within educational systems, an example of this can be seen in the practice of coeducation. As opposed to this view, however, Link Byfield, in his article â€Å"If Girls Can Succeed Only at the Expense of Boys, Maybe We Need Segregated Schools† claims that the implementation of coeducational systems leads to the development of sexism within the system which proves detrimental to the non-privileged sex. In line with this, the tasks of this paper are the following: (1) It seeks to present the views presented by Byfield in his article above and (2) It aims to present an analysis of his argument in line with how coeducation has helped in the presentation of more views in the different subjects within the educational institution and how these views enable the expansion of the educational process. Byfield (2008) argues that increase in the scores of high school girls in the School Achievement Indicators Program (SAIP) in Canada shows that there is ‘regress’ in the educational system. The bases for his claim are the following. He claims that low proficiency of high school boys in language skills and low number of high school boys who have graduated within the time-frame of the survey. He thereby opposes the view presented by the SAIP that school systems within favor the members of both sexes. The bases for SAIP’s conclusion are the following views. First, â€Å"high school girls on average are matching boys in the technology related subjects of math and science, and are far ahead in language skills† and second the ratio of the number of graduates shows that more girls are graduating as opposed to boys. In line with this, Byfield notes, given that a change in the system [from male-oriented to female-oriented] led to the ‘regress’ in the educational achievement of male students, the author argues that it is necessary to segregate students in terms of sex. The basis for his claim is the view that sexism continues to be practiced within educational institutions. He notes that this is apparent in the shift of power from the boys to the girls. He says, â€Å"Now girls seem to run everything the boys’ just tune out†. In addition to this, he says that the adaptation of a segregated system will allow the individual to be socialized in a natural environment which will allow him to be prepared for the ‘real life’. He further argues that this will not â€Å"offend the ‘social imperative’† in the sense that it will create a society â€Å"driven by misunderstanding, ignorance, selfishness, and distrust†, on the other hand, such a setting will free the individual from an environment characterized by â€Å"moshpits of vulgarity where youth is free to run itself according to the values it has absorbed from MachMusic and 12 years of automatic passing and parent-free sex instruction†.

Particle agglutination test

Particle agglutination test The presence of an antigen or anti-bodies in a blood sample can be found out using either the Particle Agglutination Test (PAT) or by the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). The PAT is performed using substances that will facilitate the process of agglutination. Agglutination is the clumping together of particles which forms non-dissolvable or what is called as insoluble aggregates. The common substances used in the PAT are latex particles, preserved blood cells from mammals or birds, colloidal particles, and gelatine beads. The different components used in the PAT are microscope slides or test cards and a solution that facilitates agglutination which is made up of molecules that are analyte-specific which is attached to a constituent part or particle. In a test using ELISA detects the presence of an antibody or antigen by affixing an undetermined amount of antigen to a test surface which in turn is washed by a specific antibody in order to attach it to the antigen. Because of this process the antibody becomes linked to an enzyme that will show a certain detectable signal after a substance is added to it during the final steps of the process. The signal emitted differs from what type of ELISA is used. For example a fluorescent ELISA a light of a correct wavelength that is shone on a sample will elicit a response from the antigen/antibody which will show incandescence. The antigens amount contained in the sample is then determined based on the intensity or magnitude of the samples incandescence. While the PAT relies on the clumping together of particles to show the presence of an antibody, the ELISA is a more complex test which can only be performed following very specific protocols or steps to perform. In ELISA an antigen with an undetermined amount is rendered immobile while place on a polystyrene microtiter plate or other substance that could provide a solid support and which does not interfere with the purity of the sample. The antigen is immobilized either by adsorption; the adhesion of molecules to a surface, or by capturing the particles of the antigen by another antibody that is particular to the same antigen. The process of adsorption is what is termed as non-specific immobilization while the capture of the antigen is what is termed as specific immobilization. After the immobilization of an antigen the next step is to add a detection antibody. The addition of this antibody results in the formation of a complex with the existing antigen. The detection antibody can either be linked directly to an enzyme, or it can be noticed by a secondary antibody that is connected to an enzyme by a process called bioconjugation this occurs when two biomolecules couple with each other in a chemical bonding wherein the two substances share pairs of electrons, or what is known as covalent bonding. In between each step of the process the plate used is washed in a solution of mild detergent so as to remove any antibodies or proteins that have not bonded specifically. After the plate undergoes its final wash it is then developed using an enzymatic substrate, which means the enzyme has a molecule which it acts on. This enzyme substrate when added will produce a noticeable signal indicating how much the quantity of an antigen is in a given sample. The PAT and ELISA are but two of the techniques used in laboratories in serology. Other techniques include gel diffusion tests, precipitation tests, agglutination tests to which PAT belongs, immunological tests with markers which ELISA is one of the tests, and lastly there is the immunosorbent electron microscopy. To further discuss the comparisons and contrasts of the ELISA and PAT let us discuss the general aspects of the two tests. As was mentioned above both ELISA and PAT are techniques used in serology to detect the presence of antibodies and antigens in a sample. However the two tests differ in the process or steps taken to obtain the same results. PAT is an agglutination test. This means that its primary method to determine the presence of antibodies is by inducing the clumping or joining together of molecules in the test sample by either by using substances that are inert which carry the antigens or antibodies, or by using polystyrene spheres infused with immunoglobulin molecules, or by observing the loss of activity of antigens or what is called as neutralization. What is observed by serologist when using PAT is the reaction called agglutination, which is a reaction that leads to the joining together or clumping of a specific antibody in a cell suspension as a reaction to a specific antigen. While in ELISA what is observed is not the reaction of an antibody to the antigen but the level of activity made by the substance or markers chemically bound together to the antigen and antibody which in turn indicates the antibody antigen reaction. The PAT test was one of the first serological methods that was developed and which helped pave the way for developing diagnostic techniques and countermeasures to diseases. One early agglutination test is the Widal agglutination. The Widal agglutination, which was named after Fernand Widal, aided in the diagnosis of typhoid fever by showing the presence of an antibody in a sample obtained from an infected patient, in reaction against the antigens of the Salmonella typhi. What the Widal test did was to increase the suspicion of infection because of the presence of agglutination caused by a rise in of antibodies during the period of infection. In the classic test for agglutination the process starts by placing a specimen in a microscope slide or a microtest plate well where the particles which act as carriers are added. This mixture is then stirred or disturbed and then it is given a few minutes to settle or is incubated. The results can be gleaned by observing agglutination as the carrier particles fuses or binds with the particular analytes contained in the sample. The results are seen visually by the naked eye or by using a microscope depending on the format of the test. Interpreting test results are relatively easy if the reactions are strong. But in cases where there is a weak or minor reactions interpretation is quite difficult and in most cases may depend upon the wealth of experience and practice one has. In microwell plate assays, the resulting patterns produced by the particles after it has settled need an educated interpretation before the result can be determined. The advantages of PAT are it is low cost, semi-quantitative tests results can be obtained, and test results are obtained in a relatively short span of time. The disadvantages are there is a need to be very careful in the interpretation of marginal results. There is also the disadvantage related to problems that may arise in relation to specificity because substances that may interfere in many assays. Unlike PAT, ELISA is a more reliable method which uses biochemicals to measure how much of a given substance in a biological liquid such as serum or urine mixes with another substance. This is done by means of the reaction that an antibody or antibodies has to its antigen which is a molecule that is identified by the immune system. The antigen always specifically binds itself to an antibody at the molecular level. Since ELISA can be used to test and identify the presence of an antigen or of an antibody in a sample, this method is a very useful tool to determine concentrations of serum antibodies such as when testing HIV and other viral diseases. ELISA is also helpful in determining potential allergens in food such as milk, eggs and nuts. ELISA is also used in toxicology as a presumptive screen that is used for particular classes of drugs. Since lab technicians, serologists, and other medical personnel conducting the PAT and ELISA tests are exposed to samples that might contain viral or bacterial strains, the need to ensure safety and also the purity of the samples through a high standard of quality necessitates developing certain protocols for laboratory work. Different hospitals and government departments dealing with lab samples have already developed their own manual or standards that must be observed while working with lab samples to ensure safety. The manual issued by the Industrial Accident Prevention Association identifies potential hazards inside the lab brought about by chemical and biological agents, physical agents, the equipment and apparatus, and doing work that results in non-ergonomic movement and postures. The manual also discusses the ways by which to control or lessen the danger posed by these hazards and what are the steps that should be taken to have a safe lab environment. The Mount Sinai Hospitals Microbiology Department also has its own guidelines and policies which specifically deal with laboratory safety. The manual discusses the safety policy of the hospital and what are the protocols to be observed. These protocols include dealing with visitors to the lab, what constitutes good lab practice, how to ensure biological safety, chemical safety, physical hazards, specimen hazards, and what control, emergency, and preventive measures should be followed to realize laboratory safety. These and other similar measures contained in other manuals may vary from lab to lab, but the essence remains the same; that is to promote safety and institute standards of work that ensures an accident and hazard free lab environment. REFERENCES: Adler M., Schulz S., and Spengler M., (n.d.). Cytokine Quantification in Drug Development: A comparison of sensitive immunoassay platforms. A case study conducted for Chimera-Biotech. Retrieved on March 29, 2010 from the World Wide Web: chimera-biotec.com/data/pdf/Cytokine_Quant_Comp_Final.pdf True K., (2004). Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) for Detection of Renibacterium salmoninarum Antigen in Fish Tissue. (June 2004). NWFHS Laboratory Procedures Manual Second Edition. Chap.6 pp. 1-33. Retrieved on March 29, 2010 from the World Wide Web: www.fws.gov/canvfhc/WFSM/CHP6.pdf (N.d.). TECHNIQUES IN PLANT VIROLOGY CIP Training Manual 2.3 DETECTION/Serology. Retrieved on March 29, 2010 from the World Wide Web: www.cipotato.org/csd/materials/PVTechs/Fasc2.2.3(99).pdf Katti M., (1999). Ideal Carrier Particles for Agglutination Tests. (June 1999). JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY, Vol. 37, No. 6, p. 2120, 0095-1137/99/$04.0010. Retrieved on March 29, 2010 from the World Wide Web: jcm.asm.org/cgi/reprint/37/6/2120.pdf (2008). Laboratory Safety. Published by the Industrial Accident Prevention Association. Retrieved on March 29, 2010 from the World Wide Web: www.iapa.ca/pdf/labsafe.pdf

The Road Ahead By Bill Gates Essay -- essays research papers

In his book The Road Ahead, Bill Gates relates to a non-technical audience the history, growth, and future of technology. He discusses how the trends, technologies, and issues of the Information Age are affecting society. Gates makes predictions and gives advice on how to adapt and succeed in the future of incredible change in computing and communicating. His book is written with two major concerns: the development and future of technology, and its influence on society. Bill Gates begins by explaining how computers will be interconnected globally in what will be called the information superhighway. Of course the precursor to this network is the currently used Internet. The development and use of this interactive network is the main focus of the book. Gates uses the metaphor of the 'ultimate market'; to describe how all manner of human activity will take place in this market, with the medium of exchange being digital information of all kinds. Bill Gates states that the ability to change and manipulate information and the increasing speed at which is it handled places us at the beginning of an 'information revolution.'; Since almost all information in the future will be digital, conventional communication devices will be altered. As soon as the cost of communication drops and it is combined with other technological advances, Bill Gates predicts that the results of this interactive information will be like the effects of electricity. He also predicts t hat the house of the future will have one wire running into and out of it that will carry television, phone, or news information that will be sent to the appropriate device.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In his book Gates attempts to tell the history of the computer industry, but instead he tells about the development of Microsoft and his achievements while debasing his competitors. He recounts the history with a degree of arrogance and criticizes IBM for the mistakes it made, for example not buying thirty percent of Microsoft when given the opportunity, and for wasting time and money on the OS/2 and OfficeVision projects. Bill Gates speaks on Microsoft's success and, in a way, reaffirms customers that Microsoft will not raise its prices or stop innovation. The future success, he says, depends on innovation and improvement to stay ahead of competition.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  He dedicates a chapter to ap... ...gy, investment in education, regulation, and the balance between individual privacy and community security. The question of responsibility arises and some have suggested that communication companies should be made gatekeepers in charge of the filtering the content of what they carry. A rating system, like the one used for movies, could be implemented and parents could then restrict what rated sites their children visit through their web browser. Bill Gates refrains from using technical vernacular and explains all computer terminology as he discusses it, making it clear and easy for normal people to understand him. He is convinced that this new technology will 'enhance leisure time and enrich our culture by expanding the distribution of information.'; This, however, oversimplifies most issues and results in a dull, repetitive book for most experienced computer users. He succeeds in explaining his vision of the future and why he has chosen to switch Microsoft's focus to the Internet. Bill Gates optimistically looks ahead at the emerging tools of technology that will forever transform the way we buy, work, learn, socialize, and communicate and encourages us to help shape the future.

Learner Styles :: essays papers

Learner Styles Technology is given in many forms, as television, computer, internet and cell phones. All of these are different types of technology. All of these different forms of technology help us to communicate with one another faster, relay quicker messages as well as learn. There are many ways to use technology to create different learning styles within the classroom. Creating different ways to learn is easier now that technology has given us different methods to choose from. These different methods are using or having a computer present in every classroom, using email, using CD Rom devices with math/ English activities, having interactive CD that helps explain different subjects, CD’s that help you visualize different periods of history, scientific calculators, electronic testing, as well as classes given on line. The purpose of this research paper is to explore the different ways technology can support different learning styles. Enhanced Interactive CD Technology is â€Å"the sum total of the technical means employed to meet the material needs of a society† (Webster Pocket Dictionary, 1997). With this technology is invented to meet the needs of people in our society. Throughout the years teachers and parents have been looking for more ways to make learning easier and more interesting to students. They have tried various ways, and have found that learning visually is one of the number one way to learn ( Scott, Survey) Therefore teachers as well as stay at home parents have tried to incorporate more ways for their students/ children to learn using visual aids. Since these visual aids worked and test scores rose, many people began to look for other visual aids to use. After the Computer was invented different authors wanted to publish there books as well as give an enhanced interactive CD that would help those students that weren’t able to pick up the information just by reading this enhanced interactive CD in 2004 is almost made in every subject. These CD’s aren’t just made for certain age groups they are made for anyone that is in school, from ages 5-21. There are math CD’S that are provided in math classes that help the student go over math problems. This helps the teacher out tremendously, because with the class sizes that are given in today’s schools the teacher is not always available to help every student.

Analysis of Conflict Essay

Beijing Bicycle is a 2001 Chinese drama film under the joint venture of the Taiwanese Arc Light Films and the French Pyramide Productions. Staring first-time actors Cui Lin and Li Bin, This film premiered at the Berlin International Film Festival and won the Jury Grand Prix and New Talent Award. This film is a perfect example of the generation the director Wang Xiaoshuai grew up in. The people that comprise Beijing as well as the lifestyle they lived are well portrayed in this film. The social status along with the primary characteristics of the movie such as the bicycle (an extremely common use of transportation during this period in China) and mail delivery were great facets to portrayal of Sixth Generation China. The conflicts faced through the two primary characters are symbolic of the issues Wang attempts to express, and leaves an important impact on the difference between stereotypical China and the collection of unique rough life experiences that needed to be expressed with the Chinese people. Through this film Beijing Bicycle I will investigate the work of Wang Xiaoshuai, a famous Sixth Generation director, and explain the particular social, economic, and political trends that Wang expresses through this film while exploring the historical periods that brought culture to these issues as well the socio-economic divisions of change. The emergence of the â€Å"Sixth Generation Directors† in the global film market was closely connected to the political currency attributed to their films’ ‘underground’ production in China. The early films directed by Zhang Yuan, Wan Xiaoshuai, and Jia Zhangke, for example were often referred to as ‘underground’ films by festivals and the media because of their taboo subjects, production outside Chain’s official studio system and censorship bureaucracy, and their illegal submission to (or screening at) international film festivals outside China (Chris Berry 2003,35). The underground phenomenon in new Chinese cinema from mainland China is a result of global and local politics. However, underground cultural production is not unique to China and has great importance of historicizing China’s ‘underground’ cinema. This in part can be accomplished by avoiding the pitfall of assuming that underground film in China is a product of an absolute dichotomy between legal and illegal film production, official sanction versus official censure, and market availability versus proscribed access. The Cultural Revolution and its lasting effects Organizationally, the Cultural Revolution was an assault on the middle levels of the Chinese bureaucracy, in an attempt to make them less bureaucratic and more open to mass participation. The idea was to enforce communism in the country by removing capitalist, traditional and cultural elements from Chinese society, and to impose Maoist orthodoxy within the Party. Economically, revolutionary pragmatism represented pursuit of some Cultural Revolutionary goals, but not others. Essentially most economic activity was halted, with â€Å"revolution†, regardless of interpretation, being the primary objective of the country. Equalization of economic differences between city and countryside remained an operative goal, with vigorous efforts undertaken to provide machinery, fertilizer, and construction materials to agricultural communes and to extend educational and public health services deeper into rural areas. (HARRY HARDING 2009, 70) Ironically, the ten years of the Cultural Revolutio n brought China’s education system to a virtual halt. Many intellectuals were sent to rural labor camps, and many of those who survived left China shortly after the revolution ended. The Cultural Revolution also brought to the forefront numerous internal power struggles within the Communist party, many of which had little to do with the larger battles between Party leaders, but resulted instead from local factionalism and petty rivalries that were usually unrelated to the â€Å"revolution† itself. Because of the chaotic political environment, local governments lacked organization and stability, if they existed at all. Members of different factions often fought on the streets, and political assassinations, particularly in predominantly rural provinces, were common. There was a definite struggle in local authority, with a tremendous need for population restructuring. Social, Economic, and Political Trends in China since the Cultural Revolution The imprint of the idealistic goals of the Cultural Revolution is misleading. China since the Cultural Revolution has seen the redefinition of policy in social and economic ideals as well as the re-allocation of political power. Many changes were made and equalization of peasant incomes within communes was no longer actively sought. For instance, in the beginning of 1970, Peking announced that the production team (the smallest collective agricultural unit within the commune) would remain the basic unit of accounting (HARRY HARDING 2009, 71). This meant, in effect, that no effort would be made to redistribute resources from richer to poorer production teams. It was now viewed that egalitarianism would only lead to weaken peasant motivation and morale. There contained a highly volatile combination of unspecified policies mixed with fragmented power that allowed proper pursuit of proper leadership in a more systematic and realistic way. Important shifts occurred with restoration of organizational discipline, acceptance of certain economic inequalities, an accommodative and conciliatory foreign policy, and even signs of intellectual and artistic liberalization. Thus, the long-term success for the campaign by the Cultural Revolution to reduce bureaucratic ideals (red tape, duplication of function, overstaffing, and inefficiency) is uncertain. Every prominent theory of organizational behavior, as well as the history of China’s own organizations, suggests that organizational problems have not been completely solved. Arguable, the rapid rate of economic development is impeded by the lack of systematic knowledge about managing in highly valuable dynamic contexts. Not only is competition immensifying in China, but the rules regulate competition are also changing. These conditions raise fundamental economic, sociological, and organizational questions about management during periods of transition (Anne Tsui 2004, 134). And yet, at the foundation, mass participation in governmental affairs is still very much in evidence with attempts still being made to reduce disparities in income between city and countryside (HARRY HARDING 2009, 76). China today is simply not the same as it was before the Cultural Revolution. The formulation of moderate social, economic, and organizational policies has been accompanied by explicit repudiation of the excesses of the Cultural Revolution. What guided the Director’s experiences and expressions emerging from post-cultural Revolution The Cultural Revolution has often been described as a decade of turbulence and catastrophe in cinema. Insomuch as cinema is concerned, feature production was suspended from 1967 to 1969. A total of 598 features and over 1,000 documentary, animation and educational titles that had been produced in the proceeding seventeen years, as well as 883 foreign features, were sealed and stored. (Yingjin Zhang 2004, 217) However, rising from this revolution, heroism, collectivism, and optimism characterized socialist cinema, which functions primarily as a historical discourse designed to legitimize the CCP regime and its political hegemony in the PRC. As discourse, socialist cinema reconstructed a utopian revolutionary or socialist family in which individuals are given critical moments to discard their own private fantasies, discipline and reform themselves by voluntary participation in collective work. The acceptance in individuals in the grand family, most often symbolized by their hard-earned CCP membership, is often projected as a group ceremony. Narrative structures of ‘obstacle-fighting-victory’ and ‘ordinary folk-revolutionary-hero’ are simultaneously filmic ingredients and key components of the new post-revolution. To get away from political constraints and to probe beneath the ideological surface of Chinese films, a number of scholars shifted their attention to film’s aesthetic effect, narrative structure, and thematic concerns from the mid-1980s on, and the result is what I call the history of film art (Yingjin Zhang 1999, 9). Other issues the director was directly impacted by as seen through the film Beijing Bicycle is the societal movement to take on a police perspective. Discoveries show that with each passing year, the number of criminals tracked down in Beijing from within the ranks of the immigration increases. From 18.5 per cent of criminals in 1986, it increased to 18.6 per cent in 1987 and then jumped to 24.6 per cent in 1988 (Michael Dutton 1992, 89). The films expression of China through Cycling A primary expression that the Director Wang Xiaoshuai uses in the film is the appropriation of cycling as a cultural technique for travel and inter-relations. China, even today, is known to contain one of the largest fleets of bicycles in the world. To assess the degree to which the introduction of modern technological products challenged Chinese society at the end of the 19th century and later, one has to take into account the continuous action toward industrialization and modernization in China. In the 1930s, the Chinese cycle industry came into being. Nearly synchronously, the three largest importers of bicycles Tongchang Chehang (Shanghai), Changcheng (Tianjin), and Daxing (Shenyang) established their production lines. Starting around 1929/1930, with the assembly of manufactured and imported cycle parts, the enterprises grew rapidly. The combined output of the Chinese bicycle industry reached 10,000 units annually between 1937 and 1945. By the mid-1930s, Chinese cycle history reached a stage comparable to that of Western Europe around the turn of the last century. A rapid increase in numbers of cyclists in the larger cities can be observed shortly after mass production was taken up. Prices now finally reached a level, which brought the bicycle within the reach of a wider population. The number of bike owners in Shanghai (3.5 million inhabitants) constantly increased to 230,000 in the late 1940s. China-wide, there may have been half a million bicycles in 1949. The year 1949 marks the pivotal year in Chinese national history in both cycle history and the founding of the People’s Republic of China. The bicycle soon found a strong advocate in the communist government. The bicycle received strong support by the government in three principal ways: the cycle industry, urban street planning, and financial subsidies. The nascent bicycle industry thus was able to accomplish growth rates of 58.7% annually -ambitiously charted out in the first Chinese Five-Year-Plan (Esfehani Amir 2012). The level of one million bicycles was reached in 1958. It seems that economic and modern infrastructural reasons, rather than cultural preconditions explain China’s development into the bicycle nation of the 20th century. Today’s ubiquity of the bicycle in China has led to the widespread assumption of a cultural inclination of Chinese to bicycling. The films expression of China through Education The Cultural Revolution led to a temporary decline in educational homogamy in urban China, which was eventually reversed when the Cultural Revolution ended. During the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution (1966-76), radical de-stratification policies reversed the social order and weakened educational value in urban China in three extreme ways. First, the impact of education as an intra-generational stratification mechanism decreased. Second, the significance of education as a reproduction mechanism of stratification also declined. Lastly, the traditional cultural status of education as highly valued was attacked. Formal education was disrupted in urban areas. In the aftermath of this decline in enlightenment, the post-Cultural Revolution era (1977-94), Educational value regained its strength in urban China. To achieve market-oriented economic reform, the government resorted to education and honored intellectuals. In 1978 the new Chairman Deng Xiaoping stated, â€Å"Intellectuals are part of the proletariat† (Lijun Song 2009, 259. Education became increasingly prominent as a criterion for selecting a mate. Consequently individuals, especially the college education were more likely to meet potential partners in school than would have been possible during the Cultural Revolution. Also, an upsurge of divorce appeared in the early 1980s, due to the reestablished importance of education. The household registration system continued to enhance urban educational homogeneity. After the abolition of the examinations in 1979, the curricula of many schools were modernized to include training in science, mathematics, and foreign languages (Patricia Ebrey 1981, 254). Evidence of Social and Economic Change How one sums up the particular balance of social and economic change in culture is up to the individual. The formulation of moderate social, economic, and organizational policies has been accompanied by an explicit repudiation of the excesses of the Cultural Revolution (HARRY HARDING 2009, 76). China today is simply not the same as it was before the Cultural Revolution. While some central and provincial radicals have been purged, political power in China is still fragmented, divided among provincial representatives, second-echelon military leaders, the civilian bureaucracy, and a few â€Å"respectable† radicals. The second legacy of the Cultural Revolution has not yet been overcome. The amount of attention China places on economic statistics at the beginning of the year indicates a new confidence in the health of the Chinese economy. Moreover, findings provide evidence that both the cultural reproduction model and the cultural mobility model have applicability to the Chinese ( Yuxiao Wu 2008, pg 201). Since the economic reform in 1978, China has been one of the fastest-growing economies in the world. However, this growth has not shared equality across China, and regional inequality has become an important topic of academic inquiry and government policy. Rural-urban inequality is the major component of country-level regional inequality in China. It should not be forgotten that China is still a large agricultural nation. According to the 200 Population Census, rural population accounted for 63.91 per cent of the total (Hui Liu 2006, 378). This reflects not only the income level (per capita income) but also the economic development level or gross value of rural social product, and economic structure (agricultural output, and non-agricultural output). It is interesting the lack of acceptance by urban dwelling people, as this distinction between inter-regional and intra-regional inequality is important to government organizations as these are the focus of both regional problems and government policies in China. It is well known that regional inequality has a close relationship with regional development. Rural-urban migration is â€Å"pushed† by rising agricultural productivity and â€Å"pulled† by the increasing demand for the industrial products and services with the rising income of the national population. In the demo-economic model of rural-urban migration, it is assumed that the demand and supply of urban and rural labor are balanced in the process of industrialization and urbanization (Jianfa Shen 1998, 33). The problem lies in the rapid urbanization process in recent years caused by a liberal migration policy and rising agricultural productivity. It appears that the huge problem previously hidden in the rural a reas is now being shifted to the urban areas. Migration was tightly controlled by the government in the pre-reform period. This was effectively achieved by the use of residence registration, grain rationing, hob allocation and housing control. Government policies regarding urbanization and migration have changed in the reform period: urbanization is now regarded as a positive process which can stimulate socio-economic development, and the control of rural-urban migration has been more or less relaxed. 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