Marketing Plan part A Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Showcasing Plan section A - Coursework Example It has been in presence and activity since 2007 and targets giving answers for everyday assignments. The advertising procedure of the pet shower item astute incorporates choices identified with item blend (Small Business the executives 382). It includes marking, bundling and naming. Escalated brand advancement assumes a key job in encouraging deals. The technique is to draw in web-based social networking advertising stage as an instrument to open the brand to the objective market because of the intensity of sharing. The brand image/picture will include pets and the various sorts of feeling. The splash paint is bundled in a shower can with a simple to deal with valve fly; this is at giving the brand insurance, data arrangement and encouraging deals request. Great bundles encourage purpose of procurement, and it is quick to take note of that bundling has risen as a significant special apparatus in the shopper products section. The splash likewise includes application guidelines, marking help shoppers to comprehend the idea of the item and its one of a kind highlights, for example, eff ectively launderable and

The matrix Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The framework - Essay Example The executives of the film ‘The Matrix’ are the two Wachowski kin; they are Andy Wachowski and Lana Wachowski. The two siblings were energetic about the film even before its creation. It was an exceptionally yearning venture for them. They have depicted the strict conviction and the origination that they have in very much recorded way in the film. The strict tendency of the kin originated from their mom. Their mom was initially a catholic, so the chiefs have a type of tendency towards the strict convictions and originations. In addition, their mom was likewise a Shamanist, for example she had confidence in coming to a substitute perspective. She likewise used to build up a vitality that helped her to speak with the different spirits. Besides, she likewise used to have the ability to go into the big-hearted and malignant spirits of the universe and can exceptionally impact them. These conditions of religion and profound convictions have exceptionally affected kin to have a solid tendency towards it. Henceforth, they were affected to make the film. The film, ‘The Matrix’, has likewise demonstrated a get the job done nearness of the strict and otherworldly ideas. Also, the two kin had hugely battled in their initial existence of adolescence. They additionally accept that they had the option to get by in those battling days simply because of the favors of the God and the heavenly spirits (Gerrold 1-257). Actually, ‘The Matrix’ is the advancement of an item that is impacted by the political, social and social condition. There are different religions rehearsed in this world that accept the idea depicted in the film, ‘The Matrix’. Besides, the strict convictions passed on in Christianity and Buddhism shows solid likeness in their principles to the message that is being depicted in the film. Numerous individuals in this world accept that the

May the Winds of Heaven Blow Softly Wind and Spirituality in World Masterpieces - Literature Essay Samples

In many cultures, wind has taken on its own personal identity. Through story telling wind has been given power of the supernatural in order to be used by the gods to influence or punish the heroes of Earth. The supernatural power of wind can be found within works across the world, including the Epic of Gilgamesh and Hong Gildong. In these stories and several others, wind plays the part of God. While the wind holds supernatural powers it is how the heroes in these works confront the wind that brings them closer to true divinity; heaven or hell. The heroes in these works either follow a path of righteousness, such as Hong Gildong, or a path of ungodliness, such as Gilgamesh. It is dependent upon the characters’ actions towards the gods and loyalty toward the spiritual elements on Earth whether they will be punished by the supernatural or protected by it. In the works of Gilgamesh and Hong Gildong, the wind has three functions; a supernatural guide toward the spiritual world, pro tector of the righteous, and punisher of the ungodly. Through these acts of justice, the supernatural entity of the wind is able to expose the heroes to a larger entity, either the gods or God, Himself. First as seen in The Epic of Gilgamesh, the wind appears to play the role of punisher. The characters of The Epic of Gilgamesh believed that they could live on Earth without acknowledging the power of the divine. While these characters knew they were born of gods, the characters believed themselves to be just as divine. Gilgamesh and Ekidu set out on their journey not to become gods but instead to claim the domain of divinity for themselves. When they turn against their gods, their punishment is awaiting them. In order to assert dominance over the divine, the â€Å"heroes† set out to steal from the gods, but standing in their way is a being of the divinity. When Gilgamesh and Ekidu decide to fight Humbaba, the divine guard of the enchanted forest, they are unaware of the supernatural forces that will bar against them and foreshadow the turmoil ahead. Before their encounter with Humbaba, Ekidu says, â€Å"we shall capture Humbaba, him we shall slay, we shall cast down his corp se on the field of battle. And next morning we shall see a good sign from the Sun God† (George 31). Ekidu and Gilgamesh believe themselves to be as strong as the gods and favored above all men. The crime they are willing to commit is not only murderous but it is heresy. Humbaba is a supernatural being that follows the gods’ orders and acknowledges their presence as well as the supernatural. Instead of living as Humbaba does, Ekidu and Gilgamesh instead wish to wipe out the supernatural being as well as disregard the power of the gods as greater than their own. While the Sun God does honor his protà ©gà ©s by sending the thirteen winds against Humbaba, this act becomes not protection for the heroes but instead seals their punishment. Even though Ekidu and Gilgamesh thought they were above the power of the supernatural, when they fought Humbaba it seemed they had met their match. Before the heroes could be killed by the protector of the divine, Shamash, the Sun God, â€Å"roused against Humbaba the might gale wind: South Wind, North Wind, East Wind, and West Wind, Blast, Counterblast, Typhoon, Hurricane, and Tempest, Devil-wind, Frost-Wind, Gale and tornado: there rose thirteen winds and the face of Humbaba darkened- he could not charge forwards, he could not kick backwards† (George 42). Thus the heroes, Ekidu and Gilgamesh, killed a being that had served the gods for many years. The heroes’ infidelity to the gods is represented by the winds. Like the winds who whipped against Humbaba and paralyzed him, Ekidu and Gilgamesh’s disloyalty and disregard to the gods rendered the gods useless. While the wind acted as the protector of Ekidu and Gilgamesh in this instance, it foreshadows the turmoil a nd desolation that will whip through them and their home due to their lack of spirituality. Upon killing a creature of the divine, the gods seek harsher punishment than just the wind for the heroes. Shamash honors Ekidu and Gilgamesh as having been worthy of divinity; however, the rest of the gods having seen the â€Å"heroes† intentions to go against their rule plan a harsh reality for the two men utilizing the supernatural elements, like the wind, on Earth. The first supernatural occurrence to wreak havoc in Ekidu and Gilgamesh’s life is when Heaven’s bull comes to destroy the city. It was by Gilgamesh’s refusal to become the lover of a goddess, that this event occurred. Gilgamesh not only refuses to accept Ishtar as a goddess but also as a lover. When Ishtar makes her love offer to him, he scornfully rejects her saying that she is a terrible lover and was not worth it. It seems as if he believes he is too good for her. After rejection Ishtar has her fa ther send down the Bull of Heaven to the heroes’ home. As the bull entered the city of Uruk, â€Å"the Bull of Heaven snorted a pit opened up, one hundred men of Uruk fell down it. The second time it snorted a pit opened up, two hundred men of Uruk fell down it† (George 51). After the Bull had destroyed the half the city, Ekidu and Gilgamesh were able to slaughter it. The gods seeing that their supernatural creature has been killed by the heretics, become even more enraged. Ekidu and Gilgamesh’s dishonor does not end here, for when Ishtar arrives on the scene Ekidu says, â€Å"Had I caught you too, I’d have treated you likewise, I’d have draped your arms in guts† (George 52). Once again it is the heroes’ denial to serve the gods that spurns the course of the unraveling of their lives. Due to Ekidu and Gilgamesh’s belief that they belong among the gods, Ekidu dies an awful death, a sign that even he can not escape the fate of ma n. The separation of Ekidu from Gilgamesh, is representative of the heroes’ separation from spirituality and the divine. Once Gilgamesh’s equal is dead he decides that he must become one among the gods because he is above the humans. However, when Gilgamesh tries to become immortal he is unable to and loses his only chance. Had he honored the gods, his journey to immortality might have been protected and assisted by the supernatural instead of thwarted. Gilgamesh thought he could become divine without the commitment and acknowledgement of it, but instead he is punished by the supernatural over and over again. Punishments of the supernatural do not end within the Epic of Gilgamesh; again the wind can be seen beating down on individuals who deny the laws of the divine within Dante’s Inferno. The entire work of Inferno is about divine punishment through the supernatural powers of the spiritual world. However, the wind has made an appearance within the second circle of hell. Sinners who have committed the sin of lust are whipped and bashed about by the wind preventing the sinners from finding peace and rest. Strong winds symbolize the restlessness of a person who is led by desire for fleshly pleasures. The lust could be for man, power, or even immortality like the heroes Ekidu and Gilgamesh. Sinners are blown around endlessly by the unforgiving winds of unquenchable desire as punishment for their transgressions. As Dante observed the sinners in their turmoil, the wind was â€Å"bellowing like the seas racked by a tempest, when warring winds attack it from both sides. The infernal stor m eternal in its rage, sweeps and drives the spirits with its blast: it whirls them, lashing them with punishment† (Dante 110). The infernal winds that never rest hurtles the spirits, whirling them round, and smiting, it molests them. When Dante sees these sinners he sympathizes with them, but fails to recognize the power of the divine until he goes further into Hell. It seems that wind is not an evident supernatural entity when viewed as a punishment. Neither Dante, Ekidu or Gilgamesh were able to recognize that the punishment of wind was foreshadowing ultimate suffering. These sinners like Gilgamesh did not acknowledge or repent for their acts against the divine, therefore the winds will batter and beat them about for all of eternity. Next, the wind takes on a spiritual guidance role in the story of Hong Gildong. In the story of Hong Gildong, Hong’s struggle with self-identity only fuels his search for the divine. He says: Of all things created by Heaven, a human being is the most precious. So it is the most fortunate thing to be born a human in this world. And being born a human, it is the most fortunate thing to be born a man. And being born a man, it is most fortunate thing to be born in the capital city. In addition to these three fortunes, I have inherited Your Lordship’s abundant spirit and strength, and I have grown up to become a sturdy man†¦ Yet all of my life I have had to bear this sorrow inside me which prevents me from looking up at Heaven with pride. (Kang 5). While Hong feels as though he is now disconnected from his family, his loyalty still lies with them much like the loyalty of the divine. Hong’s search for power among his family leads him upon the path of scholarship. When the High Minister denies Hong as a son, â€Å"He dedicated himself to studying military treatises, including the Six Teachings and the Three Summaries, and mastering astrology, geomancy, and the magical arts of invisibility and metamorphosis. He assimilated all this knowledge so thoroughly in his mind that there was no task that was impossible for him† (Kang 11). This includes his studying of religion and the supernatural. In his search for divinity Hong is able to conquer the power of the wind. When he is faced with death he is able to use the wind to his own advantage and punish the man who was sent to kill him. When the man arrives at Hong’s cottage, Hong had already created a spell bound by the wind spirit. Hong using his powers, â€Å"Unleashed his sorcery and attached the trigram of the southward direction to the northward direction, the water trigram trigram of the northward direction to the southward direction, the thunder trigram of the eastward directio n to the westward direction, the lake trigram of the westward direction to the eastward direction, the heaven trigram of the northwest –ward direction to the southeastward direction, the wind trigram of the southeastward direction to the northwestward direction, the mountain trigram of the northeastward direction to the southwestward direction, and the earth trigram of the southwestward direction to the northeastward direction† (Kang 16). Not only was Hong able to acknowledge the supernatural but he is able to use it to his own advantage due to his devotion to the divine and spirituality. Hong was able to morph and use the supernatural to protect himself through his own dedication to the divine. Not only does Hong spare his own life with the protection of winds, he is able to bring the others to his bed chamber who had plotted against him and his family. With the wind’s help he assassinated those against him as well. Hong’s loyalty to the divine enabled hi m to prove his loyalty to his family and his nation. After leaving his family, Hong is able to continue to work alongside the wind punishing those who go against the laws of the divine. The wind works to transport Hong Gildong and helped to conceal Hong from those against him. When Hong eventually dies, he is given a gift from the divine. He is made young again and eventually rides the wind off to heaven. Due to his devotion to the supernatural, Hong grows close to true divinity and finds his journey’s resting place in heaven. While in Hong Gildong the wind acts as a guide toward the divine, in The Golden Ass the wind takes the role of protector of the righteous. The story of The Golden Ass is full of magic and the supernatural, but it is the story within the book of Cupid and Psyche that truly represents a pure relationship between man and the divine. In The Golden Ass, the story of Cupid and Psyche taught just how the wind could act as a savior. It is the wind that carries Psyche to her lover, Cupid. As she stands on the ridge of a mountain the wind named Zephyr â€Å"carrying her on his tranquil breath smoothly down the slope of the lofty crag he gently let her sink and laid her to rest on the flowery turf in the bosom of the valley that lay below† (Apuleius 76). It is in this flowery dale that she encounters the divine being, Cupid. The love and devotion Psyche has for Cupid is pure and exhibits the ideal walk with spirituality; not being able to see the divine but yet believing in it. Cupid ult imately changes her life for the better, but her evil sisters, representative of religious doubt, cause Psyche to lose her connection with the divine. Cupid warns her of her cruel and evil sisters, but she is too curious and easily swayed that she disobeys his commands and eventually severs the ties between them. Her sisters’ persuasion represents the liberty that they like Gilgamesh wished to have from the supernatural and the divine. When the sisters persuade Psyche they say: Call to mind the Pythian oracle that declared you destined to marry a direful and tremendous monster. The inhabitants of this valley say that your husband is a terrible and monstrous serpent, who nourishes you for a while with dainties that he may by and by devour you. Take our advice. Provide yourself with a lamp and a sharp knife; put them in concealment that your husband may not discover them, and when he is sound asleep, slip out of bed, bring forth your lamp, and see for yourself whether what they say is true or not. If it is, hesitate not to cut off the monster’s head, and thereby recover your liberty. (Apuleius 86) The words of her sisters tempted Psyche as the serpent tempted Eve. Psyche unable to resist, betrayed her devotion and promise to the divine and looks upon Cupid injuring him with the burning wax. When Psyche accidentally hurts Cupid and ruins their relationship, Cupid’s mother tests her devotion to the gods. To prove her devotion to Cupid, an element of the divine, Psyche has to complete a lists of tasks for the goddess, Venus. However, she did not complete them single-handedly. On her way to speak with Venus Psyche encounters a mess of corn and decides to clean. Through this action of separating grains, her pious nature helped to honor the other gods as well. The holy Ceres, whose temple it was, finding her so religiously employed, thus spoke to her, â€Å"Oh Psyche, truly worthy of our pity, though I cannot shield you from the frowns of Venus, yet I can teach you how best to allay her displeasure. Go, then, and voluntarily surrender yourself to your lady and sovereign, and try by modesty and submission to win her forgiveness, and perhaps her favor will restore you the husband you have lost† (Apuleius 95). While it seems as Psyche will still face her punishment for infidelity, the powers of the supernatural protect her due to her devotion and piety. After seeing the first task set out by Venus, Psyche believes she will never see her husband again. The grains that she was meant to separate were to jumbled. Upon entering the first task of separating grains, magical ants came to Psyche’s aid. Venus instructed Psyche that her next task was to fetch a sample of the golden fleece. Psyche obediently followed the instruction of her goddess, but it is the river god who comes to her aid. Through the murmurs of the river reeds the god said, â€Å"Oh maiden, severely tried, tempt not the dangerous flood, nor venture amon g the formidable rams on the other side, for as long as they are under the influence of the rising sun, they burn with a cruel rage to destroy mortals with their sharp horns or rude teeth. But when the noontide sun has driven the cattle to the shade, and the serene spirit of the flood has lulled them to rest, you may then cross in safety, and you will find the woolly gold sticking to the bushes and the trunks of the trees† (Apuleius 99). Following his instruction Psyche returned to Venus with an arm full of golden fleece. The last task that Venus set out for Psyche was to travel to the Underworld to retrieve beauty from Proserpine. Psyche knew that this task would kill her but yet she went willingly. When she looks into the box of beauty her body is put into comatose. It is Cupid who revives her and ultimately gives her immortality. Her selfless actions throughout her tasks as a human are that similar to Christ, dying for her loved ones but yet coming back again as savior. Through these tasks Psyche is not only able to find redemption in faith but instead is able to become an element of the divine due to her purity and devotion to the divine, much like Hong Gildong. Both characters were pure of heart and were able to rise to the level of the divine with the help of wind and supernatural elements during their time on earth. Not all the characters in these works followed the straight and narrow path, however. Again we see the punishment through the supernatural by wind in The Golden Ass. Due to the Psyc he’s connection to the divine, the gods, she is able to escape death from jumping off of the cliff and is carried by the wind, Zephyr, to the safety of her lover’s home. However, the sisters of Psyche were greedy and tried to cheat their way into the grace of the divine. The sisters having ruined their sister’s relationship with the divine believe that now they control the supernatural. They believe that with Psyche’s lack of devotion for Cupid, they now have a chance to be loved by the divinity. The sisters rejoice that their sister’s act of heresy has condemned her of a life of sac religion. With this idea, each of the sisters ascended the holy mountain home of Cupid, and called upon Zephyr to carry them to divinity. Each sister took a leap of faith but neither sister was sustained by Zephyr’s power. The sisters wished for a perfect life but due to their imperfections and evilness they lack to find it even in death. Upon hearing of Psycheà ¢â‚¬â„¢s betrayal, the following events occurred: There, though the wind was blowing from quite a different quarter, yet besotted with blind hope [the eldest sister] cried: ‘Receive me, Cupid, a wife worthy of you, and you, Zephyr, bear up your mistress’, and with a mighty leap threw herself over. But not even in death did she reach the place she sought: for as she fell from one rocky crag to another she was torn limb from limb, and she died providing a banquet of her mangled flesh, as she so richly deserved, for the birds of prey and wild beasts. The second vengeance soon followed. For Psyche again in her wanderings arrived at another city, where her second sister likewise lived. She too was no less readily taken in by her sister’s ruse, and eager to supplant her in an unhallowed marriage she hurried off to the rock and fell to a similar death. (Apuleius 91) Due to their cruelty and unfaithfulness when the sisters go to jump off of the cliff to find Cupid, the w ind does not carry them off to safety and protect them but instead chooses to let them fall- a cruel punishment for their infidelity. The sisters’ death was not redeemed by the supernatural as Psyche’s comatose, but instead it seems that their doubt of divinity and the supernatural has condemned them to an eternity of suffering in the Underworld. In the world masterpieces of The Epic of Gilgamesh, Inferno, Hong Gildong, and The Golden Ass the supernatural power of wind plays the role of determining what type of life each hero will have after their life on Earth. While there are many supernatural elements in all of these stories, it is the wind that plays the part of God; spiritual guide, protector, and even punisher. The wind’s choice of punisher or protector is often based upon the character and actions of the individual. It is through the interactions with the wind that determines the hero’s relationship with spirituality and the divine. The wind is the divine’s form of justice and through justice the heroes of the works are brought to true divinity or fall to the pits of hell. Works Cited Alighieri, Dante and Mark Musa. Inferno. New York, NY: Penguin, 2003. Print. Apuleius, E. J. Kenney. The Golden Ass. London: Penguin, 2006. Print. George, Andrew. The epic of Gilgamesh: The Babylonian epic poem and other texts in Akkadian and Sumerian. London: Penguin, 2003. Print. Kang, Minsoo. The story of Hong Gildong. NY, NY: Penguin, 2016. Print.

Residential Schools Vs. Public Schools - 1253 Words

Residential School’s were introduced back in the 1870’s, they were made to change the way native children spoke their languages and how they viewed their cultures. The residential school system in Canada was operated by the government, where the native children were aggressively forced away from their loved ones to participate in these schools (1000 Conversations). The government had a concept, where they can modernize the native children, aged of three to eighteen and extinguish the aboriginal culture. In the twentieth century the Canadian Public School’s had arrived and had improved treatments than residential schools. In Contrast, the treatments within these schools were both different, whereas Canadian public school students had more freedom than residential school students because children were taken away from their families. However, the treatment in these schools were different and some what similar. Even though Residential schools and Canadian Public sch ools were similar in some form, there were numerous amounts of differences in how the children were taught, how they were treated and how their living conditions were like throughout these schools. Residential schools were the one of the worst decisions the Canadian government had made. As they planned this idea with the churches across Canada, it became unforgettable for the native people. These schools changed the way native people lived in Canada. The children in these schools were abused and neglected everydayShow MoreRelatedResidential Schools Vs. Public Schools1121 Words   |  5 Pagesgreatly affected by the residential schools, as it left them physically and emotionally damaged from the trauma of being isolated from their families and cultural values; being abused (physically, verbally and sexually) while also being discriminated against, which had lasting effects. 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The Politics of Turkish National Identity Essay - 1622 Words

The Politics of Turkish National Identity ?Modern Turkish National identity has been shaped by events that have taken place in the region throughout its history. The formation of the national identity can be attributed to two dichotomies of political thought and culture. Some people want to keep in line with Turkey?s modern history as a secular westernized country looking to join the European Union; while others hearken back to the days of the Ottoman Empire and wish to make Turkey a divided Islamic state. Conflict between those who consider themselves Turks and the Kurdish separatist party, a militant rebel force, has long shaped the changing Turkish national Identity. Today, Turkey in many ways has had ?to depart from a strict†¦show more content†¦The history of Turkey includes the Seljuks, who brought Islam and the modern Turkish language, and the Ottomans, who were a vast world power for centuries. This history culminated in the formation of the Republic of Turkey in 1923 through the leadership and vision o f Mustafa Kemal. The goal of the new republic was to form a new country and society patterned after Western Europe. Kemal, the founder of Turkey, equated Westernization with the introduction of technology, the modernization of administration, and the evolution of democratic institutions (A Country Study). Kemal?s vision for Turkey embodied some ideas he instituted into the constitution of the Republic of Turkey. These ideas are republicanism, nationalism, populism, reformism, etatism[i], and secularism. ?Turkish society has changed due to a response to socioeconomic changes instituted by the secular government after 1923. Before the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, Turkish society was characterized by many illiterate farmers. 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Macbeths Downfall free essay sample

As the story opens Macbeth is seen to be a noble fellow of Scotland, but after meeting three witches his great image begins to fade. The witches are introduced in the story as Macbeth and his good friend Banquo are walking through the woods. While meeting these three witches he hears their prophecies; the most important one saying he will become King. The third witch says, â€Å"All hail, Macbeth, that shalt be King hereafter! † (Shakespeare 1. 3. 52). The glimpses of the future the witches have shown awaken many thoughts of greatness for Macbeth. To be a King is something any man would think twice about. After the second prophecy,† All hail Macbeth Thane of Cawdor! † comes true, Macbeth becomes fueled to make this prophecy about him becoming King come true (Shakespeare 1. 3. 50). One critic says â€Å"Macbeth is a victim of external circumstances; he falls into a trap set by the witches, who tempt him with prophecies that stimulate his excessive pride and ambition† (Shanley). This might be true but overall this tragedy is due to Macbeth and only Macbeth. The thought of being King is something Macbeth cannot rid his mind of. Not knowing the immense guilt and paranoia it will soon cause him, Macbeth kills Duncan, the King of Scotland. When Macbeth first makes the decision to kill Duncan he become very worried and scared and almost aborts his mission. He says to Lady Macbeth, â€Å"We shall proceed no further in this business† (Shakespeare 1. 7. 32). Lady Macbeth persuades Macbeth to continue with the murder by questioning his manhood. One of Macbeth’s great flaws is he’s easily influenced. He eventually decides to go through with the murder, but before he commits the deed he sees a bloody dagger floating in the air. Macbeth says to himself, â€Å"Is this a dagger which I see before me† (Shakespeare 2. 1. 41). Macbeth reaches for the dagger but his it’s not really there. This dagger represents the bloody course which Macbeth has embarked and is also a supernatural sign of his guilt. Macbeth lets the invisible dagger lead him to Duncan’s chamber where he murders him while he’s asleep. Later, Macbeth becomes paranoid because Banquo knows the truth about Duncan’s murder. He had heard the prophecy from the three witches also. His ambition to be great makes him overlook the terrible deed he is about to commit. Seemingly forgetting that Banquo is a great friend, Macbeth orders three men to have him and his son Fleance killed. Macbeth is willing to use violent means to dispose of anyone who threatens his throne, even a friend. Macbeth seems to feel no remorse for the murder of Banquo almost as if he doesn’t comprehend his actions. He has reached a new low where friendships and loyalty are futile. The one thing Macbeth cares about is himself. When the murders come back to Macbeth they inform him that they killed Banquo, but Fleance escaped. This makes Macbeth extremely paranoid because as long as Fleance lives, his thrown is not secure. This is due to another prophecy made by the witches that showed Macbeth an apparition of the future Kings all resembling Banquo. Macbeth says while seeing the apparition, â€Å"Thou art too like the spirit of Banquo† (Shakespeare 4. 1. 123). He is deeply frightened by the images because if these images are the future Kings that means his reign will end. Soon after Banquo’s death Macbeth claims to see the bloody ghost of Banquo sitting at the dinner table. He accuses the men at the table for being responsible by saying, â€Å"Which of you have done this? † (Shakespeare 3. 4. 58). To the rest of the people at the table the seat is empty causing them confusion if their King. This is the first time people outside the castle get a glimpse of how Macbeth has begun to turn mad. Lady Macbeth tries to cover for him by saying, â€Å"Sit my friends: my lord is often thus† (Shakespeare 3. 4. 63). She is trying to make them believe Macbeth has always been like this but it’s really his guilty conscience getting the best of him, thus projecting another supernatural sign of his guilt. Macbeth’s guilty conscience is taking a toll on his sanity. This is now the second time Macbeth has seen something that isn’t really there. He continues to kill people driving himself deeper into madness. Towards the end of the story Macduff, another nobleman, leaves Macbeth’s tyranny to join a crusade to put Malcolm, the rightful King, on the throne. When Macbeth gets news that Macduff has abandoned him he becomes enraged. He orders the same three men that killed Banquo to kill Macduff’s family which includes a small infant. He says to them, â€Å"give to the edge o’ the sword his wife, his babes, and all unfortunate souls that trace him in his line† (4. 1. 165-167). This is the point where Macbeth has become utterly mad. He is killing for neither gain nor silence of an enemy, but merely because he wants to be harmful. One critic says, â€Å"Scotland is turned into a prison house in which every bond of fealty is violated† (Asimov 32). His greed has taken over causing him to make rash decisions. Overall Macbeth was a selfish man with lost morals. He took the wrong path to greatness causing catastrophe along the way. Through the journey leading to his death he loses not only his crown to Scotland, but his life. Macbeth’s madness is due to his greed and guilt which is the cause of his great downfall.

Urbanization and Environment

Introduction Urbanization is the process in which â€Å"an increasing proportion of an entire population lives in cities and the suburbs of cities† (Wagner 24). Urbanization is considered to be one of the major outcomes of industrialization. The process of industrialization led to the use of inanimate sources of energy and new tools for production in the pre-modern world economy. Consequently, there were surpluses in the agricultural and industrial sectors of the world economy.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Urbanization and Environment specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The producers had to look for markets to sell their surplus produce. This led to the development of marketplaces and small urban areas which eventually became centers of commerce and industrial production (Wagner 27). In this regard, urbanization can be described as the increase in human population in discrete areas, thereby causin g a change in land use in favor of residential, commercial and industrial purposes. According to Warren, nearly half of the world population lived in urban areas in 2008 (105-106). Moreover, 70% of the world population is expected to live in urban areas by the year 2050 (Warren 105-106). In the last three decades, cities and towns have become the main habitats of mankind due to social and economic changes. Even though urban centers cover less than 5% of the total land area on earth, they have significant ecological footprint (Malik and Grohmann 78). This implies that any form of uncontrolled urbanization can have severe environmental effects. The rapid exhaustion of the world’s natural resources is mainly attributed to urban development. Thus, sustainable urbanization can only be achieved if the environmental effects of urban developed are reduced. It is against this backdrop that this paper discuses the approaches that can be used to achieve urban development with minimal ha rmful effects on the environment. Causes of Urbanization Before embarking on an in-depth discussion of how urbanization can be achieved in an eco-friendly manner, a brief explanation of its causes and effects is in order. By clearly understanding the causes of urbanization, city planners and environmentalist can formulate appropriate policies to alleviate the negative effects of urban development. In this regard, the following factors are the main causes of urbanization. First, urbanization takes place as individuals, business entities and governmental organizations attempt to reduce the time and the financial resources that are spent in order to access basic services (Malik and Grohmann 53). Most governments often promote the development of urban centers in order to enable their citizens to access basic services such as education and healthcare. Similarly, business organizations often provide services such as banking, transportation and consultancy in urban areas. Providing these s ervices in urban centers is often cheaper than providing them in rural areas. This is because the consumers of these services are usually located in one area in the urban centers. Thus, reaching them is easier and cheaper.Advertising Looking for research paper on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Second, urbanization normally takes place as people migrate to cities and towns in search of economic opportunities. In most countries, the rural populations often relocate to cities in order to improve their socio-economic conditions. Most businesses that create well paying jobs are often located in urban centers. Similarly, research and development centers are usually located in large urban areas where electricity, transport infrastructure, security and water are available. Thus, cities and towns tend to have more job opportunities than rural areas (Malik and Grohmann 54). In this context, job seekers often migr ate from the rural areas to the urban centers in order to find better jobs. In emerging economies, people normally relocate to urban centers in order to start or to improve their businesses. The rationale of this move is that the demand for commodities and consumer goods is always higher in urban centers than in rural areas. Consequently, conducting business in urban centers is more profitable than in rural areas. Third, urbanization occurs due to rapid population growth in the rural areas. In the last decade, improved healthcare and nutrition has led to high fertility rates, especially, in the least developed countries. As a result, most developing countries lack adequate land in their rural areas to support agriculture or food production. Consequently, agricultural communities have had to move to cities and towns with the aim of finding alternative economic activities (Wagner 64). In the twenty first century, modern governments have focused on constructing new cities in order to p romote efficient use of the available land. Concisely, cities cover a small land area; however, they can accommodate thousands of people. In this regard, relocating rural populations to cities enables governments to access adequate land in their rural areas for food production. Finally, urban centers are administrative units through which governments serve their citizens (Wagner 72). Most cities in Africa and Asia began as administrative units which acted as the local headquarters of their colonial masters. After gaining independence, most African and Asian countries focused on providing administrative services such as security and registration of persons in urban centers. This system can still be seen in the contemporary society. Nearly every country in the world has a capital city which is essentially the headquarters of its government.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Urbanization and Environment specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/pa ge Learn More Environmental Effects of Urbanization Cities and towns contribute over 70% of the greenhouse gases that are emitted in various parts of the world (Williams 217-232). Human activities such as manufacturing goods have significantly increased air pollution through the emission of greenhouse gases. This problem has been exacerbated by the fact that water bodies and vegetation in most cities have lost their capacity to absorb the greenhouse gases. The environmental problems in urban areas have been on the rise due to the increased use of non-renewable sources of fuel for industrial production and transportation. Affluence and consumerism have led to a high demand for consumer products across the globe, thereby increasing environmental pressures (Williams 217-232). In least developed countries, cities are characterized by uncontrolled development and rapid population growth. Consequently, the demand for housing and consumer goods has tremendously increased in these countries. Construction of new houses often leads to the destruction of the vegetation which is expected to absorb the greenhouse gases. These gases are responsible for the climate changes that have been witnessed in different parts of the world. For example, natural calamities such as floods and landslides regularly occur in most cities. Apart from air pollution, most urban areas are characterized by high noise levels. The main sources of noise in these areas include aircrafts, industrial production and construction activities. The effects of high noise levels on city residents include sleep disturbance, stress, loss of hearing and increased anxiety. Energy consumption in urban areas is one of the major causes of heat islands. Heat islands occur due to the fact that the rate at which rural areas radiate heat into the atmosphere is at least twice as high as the rate in cities (Warren 105-106). Thus, cities are warmer than rural areas because they are associated with high energ y consumption and low heat radiation. The use of energy for purposes such as cooking, transportation and generation of electricity in urban areas is much higher than in rural areas. For example, the per capita consumption of coal in Chinese cities is at least three times more than the consumption in rural areas (Li, Liu and McKinnell 354-364). Heat islands usually trap atmospheric pollutants, thereby causing cloudiness and fog. It also causes high precipitation, thunderstorms and hailstorms in cities. Empirical studies show that city residents are increasingly becoming vulnerable to disasters such as floods and landslides due to climate change. Urban development also causes water pollution. Waste management is normally a serious challenge in large cities, especially, in the least developed countries. In these cities, untreated solid wastes are often disposed in dumpsites. Eventually, these wastes contaminate groundwater sources.Advertising Looking for research paper on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In some cases, industrial wastes are discharged directly into water bodies such as rivers and lakes. These pollutants normally contaminate water, thereby causing the death of aquatic animals such as fish (Williams 217-232). The use of water from the contaminated water bodies often cause diseases such as diarrhea in cities. Finally, urban development usually interferes with the course of rivers and streams. Real estate developers prefer to construct houses along the coastline or river banks. These areas are attractive to most real estate developers due to their scenic features. However, urban developments in these areas usually lead to the destruction of riparian vegetation and alteration of stream channels (Suileman, Aguda and Farinde 213-216). For example, the construction of a dam to supply water in an urban area can alter the hydrology of a river and cause destruction to physical habitats. The environmental effects of urbanization are expected to increase if remedial measures are not taken at the right time. Urban Development and Environmental Conservation The discussion on the causes and the effects of urbanization reveals two facts. First, urbanization is a very important phenomenon in the contemporary world because it drives economic development. In a nutshell, urban areas are characterized with better living conditions and economic opportunities than rural areas. Second, urbanization is associated with severe environmental effects which threaten its sustainability. Consequently, city planners and environmentalists must formulate and implement policies that can facilitate sustainable urban development. In this regard, the following measures can be adopted in order to achieve sustainable urban development and to protect the environment. Land Use Planning Land use planning helps in determining present and future land use patterns in urban areas. The main role of land use planning is to facilitate sustainable consumption of environmental resources, developm ent of infrastructure and maintenance of public health and safety (Suileman, Aguda and Farinde 213-216). In this context, development of infrastructure refers to the construction of facilities such as roads, schools and hospitals, as well as, the process of creating jobs. Environmental resources include parks, watersheds, wetlands and rivers among others. Maintaining pubic health and safety involves taking measures that can help us to cope with the effects of natural disasters such as floods and tropical storms. Urban planners must give priority to the protection and sustainable exploitation of the available environmental resources. Protection of these resources must be given priority due to the following reasons. First, the process of developing infrastructure and ensuring public health and safety mainly depends on the quality and accessibility of the available natural resources. Second, long term damage to the natural environment has already occurred due to past land use decisions . Additionally, these effects are likely to increase in the future (Simonis 919-928). Finally, the implementation of undesirable land use decisions will lead to more environmental damages. The resulting imbalance in the ecosystem and loss of natural resources will pose a serious threat to human civilization. Environmental resources can be protected through the ‘how to’ and the ‘where to’ strategies. The use of these strategies is based on the premise that ecological vision must be incorporated in future development plans in order to achieve sustainable urbanization. The two strategies can be explained as follows. The ‘Where to’ Strategy This strategy is essentially a selection process that enables urban planners to choose the best land for development (Simonis 919-928). This process ensures that areas of ecological importance are protected from urban development. The areas of ecological importance are essentially the places where the environmen tal resources that support various ecosystems are found. The main objective of the ‘where to’ strategy is to enable urban planners, developers and governmental agencies to identify the important environmental resources that require protection from development (Simonis 919-928). The resources can be identified through the acquisition of knowledge about the environmental conditions of the areas in which urban development is expected to take place. A variety of ecosystems can be found in different urban areas. The land use decisions that are made in such areas determine the ability of various ecosystems to provide the goods and services that are needed by the human population. Thus, the need to acquire adequate information about the environmental resources in a place becomes apparent. Such information can help urban planners to make the right decisions in regard to land use and development. The environmental information should describe the topography, geology, vegetation a nd the wildlife of the area (Malik and Grohmann 235). In order to understand this information, a comprehensive environmental inventory must be created. This inventory is essentially a collection of data that highlights the attributes of the environmental resources that can be found in an area that is being considered for urban development. The information that is contained in this inventory must be taken into account when land use decisions are being made. For instance, real estate development or industrial operations must be prohibited in important areas such as watersheds. The ‘How to’ Strategy The ‘how to’ strategy is implemented after the ideal land for development has been identified. It helps planners and developers to identify the best approaches to urban development. The first step of this strategy is concerned with the identification of the measures that must be taken in order to protect essential environmental resources. The second step is concern ed with the identification of the â€Å"types of developments on the available land that respect ecological diversity, environmental security, economic viability, human creativity and the sense of community† (Simonis 919-928). In this stage, urban planners, developers and designers are expected to use different planning approaches and sustainability standards such as smart growth and new urbanism in order to achieve sustainable urbanization. Protecting Environmental Resources Environmental resources must be protected from development. The characteristics of the resources determine the measures that can be applied to protect them. Thus, development can be prohibited completely in some areas. However, controlled urban development can be allowed in some regions. Empirical studies indicate that a slope range of between 0.05 to 3% is suitable for any type of urban development (Malik and Grohmann 315). A slope range of between 20% and 25% is suitable for the construction of houses, whereas a slope range of between 4% and 5% is ideal for road construction (Malik and Grohmann 317). Generally, a piece of land whose slope exceeds 12 degrees should not be used for urban development. This is because such pieces of land have a high risk of soil erosion. Similarly, development should be prohibited on pieces of land that are made up of organic and clay soils due to the following reasons. First, clay soils are associated with drainage problems. Besides, rapid subsidence usually occurs in clay soils. These problems are attributed to the fact that clay soils usually shrink and swell when the soil moisture changes. Second, organic soils should not be used for development because they support various species of plants. According to Williams, water resources such as streams and lakes can be protected through buffer requirements (217-232). A buffer refers to a â€Å"transitional land between the natural resource and the land that is subject to development† (Williams 2 17-232). Generally, streams and wetlands can be adequately protected by a buffer of approximately 200 meters. However, areas that are prone to natural disasters such as floods should not be used for urban development. Similarly, areas that host endangered animal and plant species should not be used for urban development. Types of Development The demand for environmental resources is often influenced by the lifestyle factors of the human population. In this regard, individuals should adopt lifestyles that are in harmony with the environment. In a nutshell, individuals should be aware of the environmental implications of their choices of residential areas, energy sources and production technologies. According to Simonis, controlled development on environmentally sensitive areas should be based on an individual’s choice rather than regulation (919-928). This view is supported by Ogbonna, Amagabara and Ekere who assert that empowered and motivated communities are more likely to p rotect the environment than their regulated counterparts (71-88). Resource Use in Urban Areas Constructing compact cities whose infrastructure and facilities are well designed can help in reducing energy consumption by improving efficiency in transportation and production. The heat island effect is one of the major outcomes of high energy consumption in urban areas. There are several measures that can be used to control urban warming. Heat radiation in urban areas can be improved by changing the materials that are used to construct the roofs of buildings (Warren 105-106). In addition, radiation can be improved by changing the spatial arrangement of buildings. Changing the materials is cost effective since it can be used on existing buildings. For instance, changing the materials that were used to construct the roof a building can eliminate the cost of constructing a new building. Generally, existing roof materials should be replaced with those that have high reflectivity. Water cons umption in urban areas can be reduced through measures that encourage exploitation of alternative water sources and reduction of water pollution. For instance, peak urban runoff can be reduced by constructing water detention ponds. Warren asserts that water detention ponds are beneficial since they eliminate the need to re-engineer city drainage systems in order to manage flash floods (105-106). Moreover, the detention ponds prevent contaminated water from entering into water bodies such as lakes and rivers. A water detention pond with a large surface area can help in reducing the urban heat island effect through evaporation. Furthermore, the water in these ponds can be used for non-domestic purposes such as irrigating flower gardens in the urban areas. This leads to clean water conservation. Urban Development and Environmental Conservation Policies Sustainable urbanization must be based on effective policies that guide development and facilitate environmental conservation. In this regard, the government must collaborate with stakeholders such as developers, urban planners and city residents to formulate policies that guide urban development and conservation of the environment. These policies are likely to be accepted by all stakeholders if they are formulated through consultation and consensus building initiatives. Moreover, the pubic must be sensitized on the regulations that govern urbanization in order to enhance compliance with the existing laws. The policies should specify the type and the scope of the development projects that are allowed in specific areas. According to Warren, the type of development projects that are to be undertaken in an urban area must have the least harm on the existing ecological systems (105-106). In this regard, the choice of development projects should be informed by ethical considerations rather than pure economic rationality. Concisely, residential, commercial and industrial developments in urban areas must be regulated thro ugh policies that facilitate environmental conservation or protection. Urban development policies must be used in conjunction with environmental conservation policies. The main objective of environmental protection policies is to control the behaviors that contribute to pollution and destruction of natural resources. Empirical studies indicate that nearly all governments have laws that promote or encourage environmental conservation. However, most of these policies or regulations have failed to achieve their objectives. This failure is attributed to factors such as poor enforcement, loopholes in the environmental laws, ineffective judicial systems and corruption. In some cases, the high cost of monitoring the activities of urban development agencies discourages the governments from enforcing conservation laws (Sexena, Srivastava and Samaddar 308-323). In response to this failure, Warren argues that conservation laws or policies should be based on the market system rather than govern ment intervention (105-106). This means that the market system should give urban developers the incentive to undertake environment-friendly projects. Moreover, protecting the environment should not compromise urban development. Thus, environmental regulation should be based on the principle that â€Å"polluters pay expenses, while cleaners make a profit† (Sexena, Srivastava and Samaddar 308-323). In this context, developers, producers and city residents are considered to be the polluters whose activities result into undesirable environmental outcomes. The cleaners, on the other hand, are the companies that are responsible for cleaning the environment in order to restore it to its pre-pollution condition. The developers demand cleaning services such as the disposal of the debris which are produced at construction sites or treatment of industrial waste. The pollution purification services are supplied by the cleaners. The price paid by the polluters for the cleaning services is proportional to the amount of emission or waste that is released into the ambient environment. Consequently, the market forces of demand and supply will help in setting the optimum price and level of pollution. In this case, the polluters will have the incentive to minimize pollution in order to reduce their expenditure on cleaning services. In some cases, the polluters are given the option of either cleaning the environment or paying the tax equivalent. According to Wagner, pollution can be reduced significantly through these market based interventions (79). This premise is based on the fact that market based interventions give polluters the incentive to invest in technologies that promote efficiency and reduce pollution. Additionally, implementing them requires little intervention by the government. Thus, their implementation is cheap and easy. Recent studies show that solid waste in urban areas can be reduced by privatizing environment-related industries. Such industries are mad e up of companies that engage in garbage disposal and treatment of solid wastes. Privatization helps in improving the efficiency and productivity of these companies. In developing countries where local governments and municipal authorities lack the capital to clean the environment, private companies should be allowed to provide the cleaning services (Ogbonna, Amagabara and Ekere 71-88). Similarly, promoting foreign direct investments in the environment-related industries can facilitate improved waste management in developing countries. For instance, multinational companies that focus on energy production can transform the solid wastes into electricity. In this case, the benefit will be two fold. First, the country will benefit from a clean and reliable supply of energy. Second, the solid wastes will be eliminated in a cost effective manner. The Role of Technology Sustainable urban development can be achieved through efficient technologies. In particular, the technologies used in con struction, transportation and production must focus on efficient use of the available resources (Keirstead 6-19). Similarly, they must focus on reducing reliance on non-renewable energy sources such as oil (Song, Wang and Jie 5-14). In this regard, there should be a shift from the use of oil propelled cars to hybrid and electric cars. Additionally, efficient trains should be used in order to reduce pollution in major cities. Advanced construction technologies should be used to build high-rise apartments in order to reduce the pressure on the land that is available for development. Furthermore, destruction of vegetation and physical habitats can be reduced by replacing bungalows with high-rise apartments. Food consumption in urban areas tends to be higher than in rural areas. Consequently, most countries have adopted a mechanized agricultural production system in rural areas in order to meet the demand for food in their urban centers. Even though mechanization has tremendously improv ed food production, it has also created new challenges in the urban areas. This is because mechanized agriculture often exacerbates the problem of unemployment in the rural areas. The surplus labor often migrates to the urban areas in order to find alternative economic activities (Malik and Grohmann 211). This form of uncontrolled rural-urban migration is one of the major causes of informal settlements in cities and towns. This problem can be addressed by promoting labor-intensive farming and food production in the rural areas (Simonis 919-928). This policy is likely to be effective in overpopulated countries such as China and India where availability of cheap labor can facilitate high food production. Improving food production in the countryside through labor-intensive agriculture has two benefits. First, there will be adequate food for both the urban and the rural populations. Second, the quality of life will improve in the countryside. The resulting reduction in rural-urban migra tion will slow the rate of urbanization and its negative effects on the environment. Conclusion Urbanization is the process through which an increasing number of a country’s citizens relocate to urban areas such as cities and towns. Urbanization has significantly increased in the last three decades due to rapid industrialization in the contemporary world economy. Generally, individuals relocate to urban areas in order to improve their standards of living. Furthermore, urban areas have become centers of commerce, industrial production and innovation (Malik and Grohmann 114). Most governments provide their administrative services in urban areas in order to reduce costs. Despite these benefits, urbanization has caused severe environmental problems such as pollution, destruction of vegetation and depletion of natural resources. The negative effects of rapid urbanization can be addressed through policies that help us to identify the ideal places for urban development, and the type of projects that should be undertaken in the identified areas. Furthermore, governmental agencies must formulate policies that promote urban development without jeopardizing environmental conservation efforts. In a nutshell environmental considerations must be taken into account in the process of development in order to achieve sustainable urbanization. This can be achieved by minimizing the effects of urban development on the environment. Works Cited Keirstead, Ames. â€Å"Applying Service Niche Indicators to London’s Energy System.† International Journal of Environmental Quality Management 1.4 (2010): 6-19. Print. Li, Baizhan, Meng Liu and Ken McKinnell. â€Å"Impact of Urbanization on Building Energy Consumption and the Role of BEE Design Codes in China.† Property Management 24.3 (2006): 354-364. Print. Malik, Abdul and Elisabeth Grohmann. Environmental Protection Strategies for Sustainable Development. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2008. Print. Ogbonna, Daniel, Ge orge Amagabara and Tom Ekere. â€Å"Urban Solid Waste Generation in Port Harcourt Metropolis and its Implications for Waste Management.† International Journal of Environmental Quality Management 18.1 (2007): 71-88. Print. Sexena, Susan, Richard Srivastava and Anthony Samaddar. â€Å"Towards Sustainable Municipal Solid Waste Management in Allahadad City.† International Journal of Environment Quality Management 21.3 (2010): 308-323. Print. Simonis, Udo. â€Å"Greening Urban Development: on Climate Change and Climate Policy.† International Journal of Social Economics 38.11 (2011): 919-928. Print. Song, Malin, Shuhong Wang and Yang Jie. â€Å"Will Environmental Logistics be Promoted by Changing Industrial Structure?† International Journal of Supply Chain Management 17.1 (2012): 5-14. Print. Suileman, Abdul-Azeez, Akinola Aguda and Tajudeen Farinde. â€Å"Spatio-Temporal Assessment of Urban Growth of Medium-Size and Nodal Towns for Sustainable Management.â₠¬  International Journal of Environmental Quality Management 24.1 (2012): 213-216. Print. Wagner, Luca. Urbanization: 21st Century Issues and Challenges. London: Oxford University Press, 2008. Print. Warren, Clive. â€Å"Heat Islands: Understanding and Mitigating Heat in Urban Areas.† Property Management 30.1(2012): 105-106. Print. Williams, Peter. â€Å"Managing Urbanization and Environmental Protection in Australian Cities: Approaches for Integrating Biodiversity and Urban Growth in Sydney.† International Journal of Law in the Built Environment 4.3 (2012): 217-232. Print. This research paper on Urbanization and Environment was written and submitted by user Finnegan Gallegos to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.