Double Skin Façade Case Study

divalent Skin Fa fruit drink Case StudyAbstractDouble skin fa fruit drink refers to a building faade covering one or several stories with multiple bright skins (Chan, Chow, Fong and Lin, 2009). The aim of this essay is trying to explore the definition, advantages and disadvantages of double skin faade which was used in high rise building. Case study is the main method in this essay. The researcher has chosen three tall building cases which argon Shanghai Tower in Shanghai, ARAG 2000 tower in Dusseldorf and Capital Gate Skyscraper in Abu Dhabi to explain the working principle of double skin faade. Finally, it hindquarters be understand that double skin faade is a kind of sustainable faade strategy and It allows to lower energy consumption while making the intimate spaces comfortable. It is cost effective in long term running but it will cost more to construct.IntroductionMulti layer principle is applied on double skin faade technology. They consist of an external faade, an interme diate space and an inner faade. The outer faade layer is to provide protection against the weather and break the acoustic insulation against external noise. It also allows ventilation through its openings between internal rooms of double skin faade (S. Ahmed, Ali K. Abel, Rahman, Ahmed Hamza H. Ali and Suzuki, 2016). Gadgets and frameworks are for the most break away incorporated keeping in mind the end goal to bring up the indoor atmosphere with high-octane or latent methods. (Poirazis, 2006).The historical backdrop of Double Skin Facades is depicted in a few books, reports and articles. Saelens, (2002) nonices that in 1849, Jean-Baptiste Jobard, an early form of a mechanically ventilated skin faade mentioned at a museum in Brussels.Double Skin Facades are contracted by 3 primary components which are cantilever section structure, suspended structure and edge structure. Materials can vary as indicated by the outline yet metal, glass and timber are most uncommon ones.Considering the sort (geometry) of the hole they are divided into 4 Box revokeow, Shaft box, Corridor faade and Multi story double skin faade.A comparable review by Heusler and Compagno categorise into three sorts of window, story and various stories. considerationThe Shanghai Tower is designed by Gensler Architects, a 127 story, 632 meter high, mixed use tall building located in Lujiazui, Pudong, Shanghai, China. As of 2016, It is the highest building in the world by its highest usable floor level (Level 127, 587.4m). The new tower takes motivation from Shanghais convention of parks and neighbourhoods. Its bended faade and spiralling structure symbolize the dynamic rise of present day China (GenslerDesignUpdate, 2010).The innovative design incorporates 2 free curtain walls first is the external skin cam-molded in plan and the act is the indwelling one is circular. In-between the ii curtain walls form atriums which stomach landscaped public areas at regular intervals throughout the build ing (GenslerDesignUpdate, 2010). Series of wind tunnel tests used by the architects to simulate the biggest problem of the site context the typhoon, which also refined the run of the building (Zeljic, 2010).These sky patio nurseries will enhance atm quality, make visual connections between the city and the towers insides, and give a place where building clients can communicate and blend (GenslerDesignUpdate, 2010).Double Skin FaadeThe primary element considered for the double skin faade performance depends on a bio-climatic idea of a passive atrium system, where two skins are situated so as to make an expansive, full-high atrium space profiting by every one of the advantages that caught air-and the regular convection of air-can give (Zelji, 2010). As an author view, I think this greenhouse effect could not be achieved with the help of additional cooling and heating systems when I consider its location and the amount of air pollution the location has.There are two types of curtain wall systems, curtain wall A and curtain wall B, are designed for the Shanghai Tower. In Curtain Wall A, Vertical mullion exclamatory V strike to house and bolster a thick LED lighting apparatus design. The variance between A and B is that B select to stay one-hour fire-rating (Zelji, 2010).ContextThe ARAG 2000 Tower is designed by RKW in Dusseldorf, in collaboration with Norman Foster in London. It is located in northern regulate of Norsenbroich, Dusseldorf, Germany. It is a 124 meters of high and 31 storey office skyscraper and divided into four eight story tiers by service floors. It is headquarter building of European Insurance attach to (Wikipediaorg, 2017).Office floors are basic and open in feel. Cellular workplaces and meeting rooms ring the edge while assembled meeting spaces involved in the focal point of the central formed arrangement over the city (Fosterandpartnerscom, 2017). This tower is unique by its environmental design, it has a high performance, double skin g lazed faade and as well as interior organisation. Double height sky gardens intersperse the working spaces at every eighth floor. Open admission between office floors and the patio nurseries supports a friendly environment and in addition enhancing communication between the staff (Fosterandpartnerscom, 2017).Double Skin FaadeAs a result of the to a great degree high road noise levels, brought on by being near an inward city concern intersection, the double skin facade designed as a shaft box cassettes. Those corridors in between two facades the interior and the exterior is closed in each floor level. They can be open only in extra ordinary situations such as fire and high pressure difference between each cassettes of the faade (Boake, 2013).Shaft box type double skin faade used. And those defensive external layer frames a climate casing and sun channel an internal layer, with windows which are allowed to be opened, permits the working spaces to breathe (Boake, 2013).ContextCapita l Gate is a iconic skyscraper in Abu Dhabi located contiguous to the Abu Dhabi National Exhibition Centre designed by RMJM Architects. It is a 160 meters of high and 35 stories mixed use skyscraper, it is one of the tallest buildings in the Abu Dhabi and it inclines eighteen degrees to the west. It house offices from the second level up to the sixteenth level, and a five star red-hotel from the eighteenth level right up to the top (Wikipediaorg, 2017). The shape of the building comes from the two elements sand and water. The form meant to represent swirling spiral of sand and while the curved canopy known as the splash runs over the ground stand and rises on the building faade, creates a wave effect which reflects the water (Schofield, 2012).The designers of Capital Gate, the 18 degrees in reverse inclining tower situated in Abu Dhabi, had a illustrious sustainable plan for the project. The offset of the floors to accomplish the retrogressive incline makes two particular sorts of spaces and exposures which have brought about the utilisation of two sorts of double skin faade frameworks (Boake, 2013). Capital Gate Skyscrapers base structure is a vertical concrete center encompassed by a steel diagrid portraying the outer shape of the tower. Steel shafts traverse between the two supporting metal deck and solid composite floor sections. Steel supports span between the outside and inward diagrids, making column free floor spaces within a normal ranges of twelve meters (Schofield, 2012).Double Skin faadeThe hotel rooms located at the afterward 19th floor has a jewel shaped pre-assembled shade divider framework is connected to the basic steel diagrid of the skyscraper and forms the outside layer which reuses inside air from the visitor rooms into the faade pit while makes a protecting support between the cool inside and the to a great degree hot outside (Boake, 2013). Office Floors have unique skin called the sprinkle shelter. It begins at the ground level, endin g at the projecting pool level located at the nineteenth floor which allows air circulation while blocking the solar radiation (Boake, 2013).DiscussionAccording to those three double skin facades case studies, it can be concluded by the advantages and disadvantages of using double skin faade in tall building.Huge amount of Energy can be saved by using double skin facades.Double skin faade can maintain the internal spaces comfortable with the help of natural ventilation when cooperated with building precaution system.It is helpful to heat and cool the interior spaces.Maintenance costs much higher when compared with single faade maintenance.Its construction is expensive compared by the single faade construction.ConclusionAll features of the double skin faade usage in the tall buildings illustrated by analysing three tall building cases. As it is mentioned above, the advantages and disadvantages, it can be concluded by being agree on, although double skin faade is much more expensive to construct compared to single faade it is a sustainable design strategy which is helpful to cool and heat the interior spaces at the same time being great sound isolation to the building.

Difference Analysis Between IS And IT

Difference Analysis Between IS And ITIntroductionInformation technology (IT) and counsel nurture trunks (MIS) atomic number 18 interchangeable terms (Kearns, 1997). They ar a repair of inter associate computing machineized components that work together to collect, retrieve, process, store, and distribute entropy for the purpose facilitating planning, control, coordination, analysis and decision-making in organizations (Laudon Laudon, 1998). In the foodservice industry IT is unremarkably employ for cab art processing, marketing, story, and site choice of upstart restaurant units. Whether a small independent or part of a large chain, numerous restaurants use established point of sale agreements and computeing packages to process financial entropy. The Study is running with fully data processorised and IS philosophy based so that the companion is controlled in IT infrastructure and IS strategy impart be draw here for the future benefit of the comp whatsoever. By adopting frameworks necessary in characterising comprehensiveness, focus and formulation, firms whitethorn be able to increase rationality, while inducing increased lodge and enhanced consistency. Improving the planning cycles of IS and SDLC (System Development Life Cycle) activities put up also been proven instrumental in enhancing planning effectiveness. In some cases, such fight manifests itself through policies to save all enterprise cultivation indefinitely, or to delete all data after brief periods of time. Traditional approaches to information management are often designed to mitigate risk firms respond to regulatory and compliance requirements. Information compliance investments, for example, should be cost-managed, as providing compliance in excess principally adds little value and squeeze issue be an inhibitor. The information to answer such questions often exists at heart an organizations IT administrations, and requires minimal effort to answer once the key que stions are identified by the senior executive team and vocation leaders. Answering key questions often requires minimal information and investment. Using an experimental approach identical to statistical sampling can provide the answers to key business questions quickly and dynamically.Aims And Purpose Of The StudyMany firms are focusing on using intercommitted databases and end-user computing which some experts believe threatens the role of the information supplier in organisations. However, providers of data have contributions to make associated with decision making which are beyond beneficial interpreting or supplying information. Some common decision-making-linked roles include facilitating a common database for group decisions supplying effort and expertise in gathering information and providing audit trails of data associated with certain decisions. Firms interested in maximising the contributions of information providers are advised to clarify and incorporate providers r oles into the using of significant information strategys within firmsThe explosion of data is most apparent in the realm of unstructured data. As businesses strive to automate processes and extend the IT environment to the point of service, an ever change magnitude amount of data is being retained electronically. Lowering the overall cost of ownership associated with storing and retrieving a growing volume of structured data assets is a challenge, and requires data and content servers that enable innovation while delivering rock-solid reliability. Flexible storage options and the know-how to put it all together round out a solution that helps you leverage information lots of information.Deploy effective servers that scale to meet your growing needs.Reduce the time spent searching for information.Escalating information volumes put your infrastructure to the test. Delivering high cognitive operation while lowering costs requires.IBM solutions-simple, flexible and optimized-will help you take care the right content and get it to the right people and business processes at the right time, so you can improve efficiencies, increase responsiveness, and gain greater insights into your customers, the market and your business.Leverage and analyze information on demand to optimize all transactions in the call centre or in the field, when helping customers or when taking orders.Overcome the complex architectural and usability issues associated with traditional data warehouse and business tidings approaches.Leverage information for competitive advantage and get more than value out of your informationUnderstanding ready reckoner hardwareWhen you talk about computer hardware, you have to talk about the specifications. On a given desktop systems describe the speed and capability of that particular computer. If you are about to buy a computer, you should at least understand enough about each heading below to make an informed comparison between deuce varied machines with varied configurations.CPU central processing unitAt the core is the processor. Speed is measured in Mhz. One other parameter of the CPU to investigate is the L1 pile up, commonly from 256 kilobytes and up.RAM random access memoryThis determines how many files you can open at once also ram is a form of computer data storage. So if ram is high computer performance should be better.Hard disk capacityHard disk is measured in MB (megabyte) or GB (gigabyte). With the advent of so many mass-storage devices (zip drive, CD-R, first-rate drive, etcetera and profits where files and applications can be archived, huge disks (many GB) are very handy, but hardly necessary for most users. No matter what size your hard drive, you should keep it clean by weeding out outdated, redundant, and useless information (files and folders).Cache memoryCheck the upgradeability of your cache memory to amercement tune your computer. The cache memory is a special type of RAM which the processor uses to store data in while it is working. The level 1 cache (or L1) is physically located on the CPU chip (and hence cannot be upgraded, unless you upgrade the CPU), whereas the level 2 cache (L2) is located on the motherboard, and can be upgraded separately.Video card/VSA cardThe amount of RAM and quality (and number) of microprocessors on the video card determine things analogous how big a monitor you can use, how large a window you can display video on, and the speed with which large complex graphic images display. Some of the newer video cards have 4 MB, 8 MB or more. Sometimes it is possible to upgrade a video card by adding a graphics accelerator card instead than replacing the video card with another newer version.Sound cardThe MIDI standard is used to convey music from computer to computer, (or keyboard to computer etc) and most straightforward backbreakingcards will play at least 32 MIDI voices. The other aspect of a soundcard is how tumefy it plays digital sound files (li ke from a CD). Most of them do this extremely well also. If you are interested in music or sound, you want to investigate the parcel that comes bundled with your soundcard (or whatever bundle you have purchased to work with your soundcard). Traditionally, the sound card also has a port on it to plug in your joystick(s) if you play games on the computer.Removable storageChoices range from 3.5 1.44MB floppy drives, 100MB zip drives, 120MB super drives, 650MB CD-R, and on up to 1.5GB removable hard drive cartridges and higher now. Of course there are thousands of other choices including tape, optical drives, and surely many more available. call to price the storage media per Megabyte when buying. I personally like the CD-R idea since more people have CD-ROMs to read the recorded data.A programmable machine, two principal characteristics of a computer areIt responds to a specific set of instructions in a well-defined manner.It can execute a pre-recorded inclination of instructions ( a program).Modern computers are electronic and digital. The actual machinery wires, transistors, and circuits is called hardware the instructions and data are called software.A computer interlocking is a collection of computers and devices connected to each other. The network allows computers to communicate with each other and share resources and information. The Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) designed Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) for the unify States Department of Defence. It was the first computer network in the world in late 1960s and early 1970s.Computers can be generally classified by size and power as follows, though there is considerable overlapPersonal computer A small, single-user computer based on a microprocessor. In addition to the microprocessor, a personal computer has a keyboard for entering data, a monitor for displaying information, and a storage device for saving data. grazestation A powerful, single-user computer. A workstation is like a personal computer, but it has a more powerful microprocessor and a higher-quality monitor.Minicomputer A multi-user computer capable of supporting from 10 to hundreds of users simultaneously.Mainframe A powerful multi-user computer capable of supporting many hundreds or thousands of users simultaneously.Supercomputer An extremely fast computer that can perform hundreds of millions of instructions per second.Computer networking is the engineering discipline refer with parley between computer systems or devices. A computer network is any set of computers or devices connected to each other with the ability to transfer data.Local area network (LAN), which is usually a small network constrained to a small geographic area.Wide area network (WAN) that is usually a larger network that covers a large geographic area.Wireless LANs and WANs (WLAN WWAN) are the wireless equivalent of the LAN and WAN.Difference Analysis Between IS And ITIn a general sense, the term Information S ystem (IS) refers to a system of people, data records and activities that process the data and information in an organization, and it includes the organizations manual(a) and automated processes. In a narrow sense, the term information system (or computer-based information system) refers to the specific application software that is used to store data records in a computer system and automates some of the information-processing activities of the organization.Information technology (IT), as defined by the Information Technology Association of America (ITAA), is the study, design, development, implementation, support or management of computer-based information systems, particularly software applications and computer hardware. IT deals with the use of electronic computers and computer software to convert, store, protect process, transmit, and securely retrieve information.The new information technology (IT) infrastructure The new IT infrastructure links desktop workstations, network co mputers, LANs, and server computers in an enterprise network so that information can flow freely between different move of the organization. The enterprise network may also be linked to kiosks, point-of-sale (POS) terminals, PDAs and information appliances, digital cellular tele telephone sets and PCS, and wandering computing devices as well as to the Internet using public infrastructures. Customers, suppliers, and business partners may also be linked to the organization through this new IT infrastructure.Understand Computer-Aided toolsComputer-Aided Software design (CASE), in the field of Software Engineering is the scientific application of a set of tools and methods to software which is meant to result in high-quality, defect-free, and maintainable software merchandises. It also refers to methods for the development of information systems together with automated tools that can be used in the software development process.The term Computer-aided software engineering (CASE) can r efer to the software used for the automated development of systems software, i.e., computer code. The CASE functions include analysis, design, and programme. CASE tools automate methods for designing, documenting, and producing structured computer code in the desired programming language.This is the case for an extra net.IS (information system) design for a mobile phone companyAs I have to design one companys IS design I choice the phone company. In this IS design everything is shown as far I know. This mobile company will be connected intranet system to every department. We know that intranet system will work with the internal system. With the intranet system every department will be very helpful as if they need any information they can good get via the computer. Also they need the pc to every department. It is also connected to the internet to communicate. Using the internet they also benefitted to get the information. They need to build up a website where they can put all the information. So customer relationship will be build via the internet. Also customer can know the product and offer via internet.1a) What information would you require to make such decisions?Strategic planning deals with the determination of the objectives, resources, and policies of the organization. In this case, management has their planning and control of their restaurant business. The system provides up-to-the-minute information on the food items ordered and breaks out percentages wake sales of each item versus total sales. This helps management plan menus according to customers tastes. The system also compares the weekly sales totals versus food costs, allowing planning for tighter cost controls.Managerial Control is one of the managerial functions like planning, organizing, staffing and directing. It is an important function because it helps to check the errors and to come the corrective action so that deviation from standards are minimized and stated goals of the organizati on are achieved in desired manner.Control in management delegacy setting standards, measuring actual performance and taking corrective action. Thus, control comprises these three main activities.In this case, this system helps management plan menus according to customers tastes. The system also compares the weekly sales totals versus food costs, allowing planning for tighter cost controls. In addition, whenever an order is voided, the reasons for the void are keyed in. This may help later in management decisions, especially if the voids systematically related to food or service.Operational control serves to regulate the day-to-day output relative to schedules, specifications, and costs.The most difficult line of work of management concerns monitoring the behaviour of individuals, comparing performance to some standard and providing rewards or punishment as indicated. Sometimes this control over people relates altogether to their output. For example, a manager might not be concer ned with the behaviour of a salesman as long as sales were as high as expected. In other instances, close supervision of the salesman might be appropriate if achieving customer satisfaction were one of the sales organizations main objectives.In this case study, bridal of the system by the users is exceptionally high since the waiters and waitresses were involved in the selection and design process. All potential users were asked to give their impressions and ideas about the various systems available forwards one was chosen. This is their Operational control part.After studying this case I find that up-to-the-minute information on the food items ordered and breaks out percentages showing sales of each item versus total sales. Whenever an order is voided, the reasons for the void are keyed in. This may help later in management decisions, especially if the voids consistently related to food or service. And all potential users were asked to give their impressions and ideas about the v arious systems available before one was chosen.b) What would make the system a more complete MIS rather than just doing transaction process?This business can be more MIS if management provide and use more information related to the business. This system helps management to taka decision. Its out of stoke process shows that which items is doing more business and which is doing less. Then they can decide which product they need to emphasize more. End of calendar month they can analyse the data of four week.Other features such as order void system check listing, item sales, total sales, customer opinions etc. can make this system more complete MIS rather than transaction process.c) Explain the probable effects that making the system more semi-formal would have on the customers and the managementA waiter takes an order at a table, and wherefore enters it online via one of the six terminals located in the restaurant dining room. The order is routed to a printer in the appropriate prepa ration area the cold item printer if it is a salad, the hot-item printer if it is a hot sandwich or the bar printer if it is a drink. A customers meal check-listing (bill) the items ordered and the respective prices are automatically generated.When the kitchen runs out of a food item, the cooks send out an out of stock message, whenever an order is voided, the reasons for the void are keyed in. This may help later in management decisions, especially if the voids consistently related to food or service.All potential users were asked to give their impression and ideas about the various systems available before one was chosenAbove mentioned functions make this system more formal on customer and the management.2a) What security loopholes come to the fore in the situation described? How can these be plugged?If we plunged in to this case we find that while assessing hardware and software requirements, it was found that out of the 364 desktops at the corporate office more than half did not have their anticomputer virus software updated with recent virus signature files. Three fourths had not changed the default e-mail password (it was the user name) and no one had installed OS patches. And one of its local mail servers seemed to be an open relay For a fleeting moment, system manager of SystemX wondered about the situation at the seven branch offices across the country.SystemX used the Net extensively in dealing with its branches, customers and suppliers. Information like contract documents, marketing plans, Cheque and Draft numbers, bank account details and collection details were regularly transmitted by e-mail. These loopholes come into our mind.These loopholes can be plugged, if they update their antivirus which is virus signature files free. Because they use e-mail, and Net extensively so they need strong security measure in order to secure their system.b) What is the importance of a security budget in the background of the given situation?Security budget is on e of the important parts of every business. In this context Security Budget is very important. They need to provide security to their system. If manager recommends for appointing a new security consultant then it may not be granted because of budget. Any how they need to provider security.3a) What systems propose that would serve the companys need?The multibase company limited has so many manufacturing products. It is very difficult to control the whole companys activities. On the other hand now it is the age of information technology so we should use this technology to everywhere. I propose that we can use the CBIS means computer base information system.b) Complete overhaul of the systems or add functionalities of the existing systems? Justify the line of action.This company has a CBIS which are prepared the performance of every unit though weekly and monthly reports. With this reports headquarters always analyze and make the decision such as capacity expansion, procurement of new technology involving substantial investment, etc. This helps the companies planning and control.c) Justify the requirement of chief information officer (CIO) in the context given case let.The cio of the company has thus propose to develop suitable computer base systems which might be helpful in understanding the topical status of various manufacturing units in terms of their overall performance, the type of environment constraints that operate in the three business that exist for enhancing capacity in these business areas.4a) Is that digital systems are unreliable and carries enormous risks?Yes. It is. No digital system can be guaranteed to be _PERFECT_ and hence may have any type of problems. This is actually because human beings are not perfect in their design and work.b) Explain three situations to minimize damages due to failure of digital system.For case 1 There should be transaction logging mechanism so that it can roll back upon administrators command. A manual book-keeping can be used too for all types of transactions so that in case of failure it can be used.For case 2 There should be manual communications used when digital systems delay for some reason.For case 3 Enough communications with service users should take place before upgrade policy. In all communication channels there should be advertisements and assumed timeline for the probable disaster.Decision Support Systems welcomes contributions on the concepts and operational basis for DSSs, techniques for implementing and evaluating DSSs, DSS experiences, and related studies. In treating DSS topics, manuscripts may delve into, draw-on, or expand such diverse areas as artificial intelligence, cognitive science, computer supported cooperative work, data base management, decision theory, economics, linguistics, management science, mathematical modelling, operations management psychology, user interface management systems, and others. The common thread of articles published in the journal will be the ir relevance to theoretical, skilful DSS issues. separate Decision Support Systems (GDSS) are a class of electronic meeting systems, a collaboration technology designed to support meetings and group work. GDSS are distinct from computer supported cooperative work technologies as GDSS are more focused on task support, whereas CSCW tools provide general communication support.Group Decision Support Systems (GDSS) were referred to as a Group Support System (GSS) or an electronic meeting system since they shared similar foundations. However todays GDSS is characterized by being adapted for a group of people who collaborate to support integrated systems thinking for complex decision making. Participants use a common computer or network to enable collaboration.Who is the typical user of the system currently?For the organization manager mainly takes the decision. Suppose to open a new account there should be some criteria (credit score). It is also used in agriculture section. Dss is well- established tradition within agriculture. Holsapple takes a different view. Decision-support systems are so pervasive in their use that people dont even think of them as DSS, he says. He points to the spreadsheet as one of the most common ones used in business today. And, he says, most executives use corporate planning tools with DSS capabilities in them.Graphical User Interface Design Process For The DecisionSupport SystemIn general, the graphical user interface design process can be split into twelve steps (Galitz, 1997)1. Know your user2. Understand the business function3. Use good entomb design4. Select the proper types of windows5. Develop the system menus6. Select the proper device-based controls7. Choose the proper screen-based controls8. Organize and layout the windows9. Choose the proper screen colours10. induce meaningful icons11. Provide meaningful messages12. Test, test, and retestFollowing the design process, a questionnaire was prepared to better understand the typic alenvironmental professional who would be using the GUI. Questions were divide into severalCategories computer hardware and software literacy, user profile, and talk analysis. Some of the questions, although basic in nature, were required to ascertain the type of computer operating system to design for and the types of support system that would be incorporated in the design.I am not using any dss system for my academic career yet. unless it will be very helpful to use in my future career.Questions noQuestionsAnswers1Employee nameEmployer nameWork place addressWork telephone noJob titleNo of years on current jobYears of computer experienceMd. Ayub AliSaleh Z Rahman12th floor, subject field scout bhobon, kakrail,Dhaka-1000.0088029335395Chief software architect and developer.Five months10 yrs2What kind of computer system do you use?Apple MacBook Laptop, Mac OSX Leopard, programming software (compiler (gcc) and other Unix system administration tools), printer, Scanner, Mobile phone ( for Internet through it), Apple Time Capsule (for backup), etc.3What kind of homework have you received in order to use computer system effectively?Do you find the IT technical staff in your firm to be helpful and easy to work with?I have received B.Sc. in computer science and Engineering from a reputed university. I am self prentice for using computer systems effectively. Our IT Technical Staff are helpful.4What business processes are supported by the IT systems in your workplace?Structured model of software development.5How does management use the IT system to support their activities?Management use intranet and internet to support their activities.6Is your system part of a network?Who is the network administrator?How often do you interact with the administrator?What kinds of issues do you discuss with the administrator?Yes, my system is part of a network. We have more than one network in our office. I am network administrator. There is different system administrator. I dont inte ract with system administrator that much. Very rare case I need him solve problems. Mainly we discuss about Internet connectivity issues with system administrator.7Are your computer systems connected to your customers, suppliers or partners?Describe how the system is used to connect to these entities.Our workstations are not connected to customers. But our servers are connected to mobile operators for providing services to customers. The servers are connected to operators via the Metronet network who provides connectivity with all major mobile companies and content/service providers.8As your career has progressed, what changes in IT have you noticed and how have these changes in IT contributed to your performance?Every time IT is changing as the new technology comes. So there need to be trained for the new technology.9Has using the computer system at work influenced your demeanor outside of work?What way?Yes, my work has influenced my life outside of work. I have hold backt how th e telecommunication systems work and how services are provided to customers. Also I learnt how the communication between operator and service providers are established.10What advice would you give to a new employee about the IT supported workplace?The new employee should have eagerness to learn the underlying system well to provide good service to customers. Also he should be hard working and should be habituated to self-learning.11Which service provider do you use for internet?Grameen.12What is internet rate of communication speed?10-20 kbps.13Which search engine do you use?Google.14Do you like to use internet for online business transaction?Yes. But security issue is main problem here.15Do you think internet is infixed for daily life or not?Yes. Everyday life internet is very essential. I can communicate via email trough the world.The assignment is change integrity into four parts. All the four parts is done in here. I have done this assignment by using the books, lectures and f rom websites.

Carbonated Beverages and Dental Caries

Carbonated Beverages and alveolar CariesAn assessment of association between change drinks breathing in and alveolar consonant tooth decay prevalence A cross-section(a) reputationZainab A. Sukhera1, Syeda Mehar Raza1,Neha Rana1 and Tehreem Zafar1.Dental caries may be defined as a bacterial disease of the hard tissues of the teeth characterized by demineralization of the inorganic and destruction of the organic substance of tooth.(1) It is the most prevalent spoken disease worldwide.(2) It is a multi- figureial disease ca hired by the interaction of three principal factors a susceptible host tissue, cariogenic micro flora and diet.(3, 4) Diet particularly refined sugars, is an important etiological factor of dental caries. Both the frequency and the total amount of refined sugars consumed play a significant part in the etiology of caries. The evidence establishing sugars as an etiological factor in dental caries is overwhelming.(5)Sugars are mostly contained in manufactured food and drinkings and form an essential component of human diet.(6) Most change beverages contain up to 10 tea-spoons of sugar per 12 oz. as opposed to 1-2 tea-spoons in fruit juices.(4, 7) Despite the differences in carbohydrate content, both seem to bind identical cariogenic potential.(8) In addition to the high amounts of sugar, change beverages also contain phosphoric, citric and carbonic acids which show a deleterious effect on enamel.(9, 10) Caffeine, which mentions up a considerable portion of carbonated beverages, is a mildly stimulant drug and it may contribute to the tendency for frequent outgo of such beverages. all the aforementioned factors are responsible towards the rapid initiation and progression of caries.(11)Diet drinks which use artificial sweeteners instead of refined sugars have been popularly utilize in order to reduce the caloric content. Although diet drinks are considered less cariogenic than regular beverages, their greater erosive ability and th e use of artificial sweeteners do not make them a healthier alternative. (12)The Aim of this Cross-sectional break down was to assess the association between prevalence of dental caries and carbonated drink consumption in a population of 12 to 19 years old children from capital of Pakistan and Rawalpindi.Materials and MethodsA questionnaire-based cross-sectional study was conducted at the Islamic International Dental Hospital, Islamabad during the month of June. The study comprised a questionnaire survey followed by a visual unwritten examination.Sample The participants comprised a convenience sample of 12-19 years old adolescents who were tour the hospital at all magazine during 16th to 20th June. 1st year BDS students who fell in the above mentioned age bracket were also include in the sample. The participants were mostly residents of Islamabad and Rawalpindi. Sample size was chosen to be 50. Verbal consent was obtained from each participant and his/her guardian beforehand.Que stionnaire A questionnaire was completed through and through a face-to-face interview with each participant which helped in achieving a 100% response rate.The Questionnaire consisted of three sections.Section A dealt with the oral hygiene habits and the beverage consumption habits of participants. In Question 1, the frequency of intake of distinct beverages was recorded by using a scale of 5 values Never, Rarely, Once a week, 1 glass daily and 2 or more glasses daily. In the next set of questions, the participants were asked about (Q2) their preferred time of drink consumption (at mealtimes or between meals) (Q3) their preference of either regular or diet drinks and (Q4) the use of straw. Questions 5-7 assessed their oral hygiene knowledge.Section B dealt with the socio-demographic details and section C recorded the DMFT make up of each participant.Clinical Examination After the interview, each participant was orally examined by a 2nd year BDS student. The examination took target under a tube-light with the participant seated in a normal chair. No mouth reflect or CPI probe was used to dish out in the diagnosis of caries. Only a tongue depressor was utilized by the examiner. The sharpness of caries was assessed via the DMFT index. A tooth was considered decayed (D) if a carious lesion was visibly appreciated missing (M) if extracted delinquent to caries and filled (F) if a restoration was seen. A restored tooth with recurrent decay was also counted as (D).(13)Data Analysis statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 17.0 was used to enter, organize and analyze the data. The effect of different variables frequency and time of consumption of drinks, demographic factors and oral hygiene habits on the DMFT scores of participants was analyzed by deriving frequencies, means and standard deviations.ResultsResults were obtained for the sample of 50 participants by analyzing the data from their completed questionnaires and dental examinations. The sam ple included 19 males (38%) and 31 females (62%). Out of the total number of participants, 15 (30%) were from the age group of 12-14 years, 14 (28%) from the 15-17 years group and 21 (42%) from the 18-19 years age group.Table 1 displays the number and percentages of participants in relation to beverage consumption and their sociodemographic details. In terms of daily consumption, milk and juices were the most popular drinks (n=35, 70%), while carbonated drinks were consumed by only 17 (34%) participants on a daily basis. In the younger age group of 12-14 years, 93% (n=14) preferred carbonated beverages whereas, coffee and juices were the main preferences of the early(a)wise two groups (15-17 years, 18-19 years) being consumed by 100% (n=14) and 95% (n=20) of the participants respectively.Table 1 Frequency distribution of different types of drinks as per consumption frequency and sociodemographic factors. (n=number)Table 2 illustrates the prevalence and severity of dental caries i n relation to different types of beverages consumed. Among the participants who consumed juices, 68% (n=32) had caries in contrast to the 62% (28) who consumed carbonated drinks. Caries severity for carbonated drinks was highest with almost 7% (n=3) participants having recorded DMFT of more than 4.Table 2 Prevalence and severity of dental caries in relation to consumption of different beverages. (n= total number of consumers of a particular drink. Percentage frequencies are given in brackets)Table 3 shows the effect of different variables on DMFT score including time of consumption of carbonated drinks, use of straw, drink type, oral hygiene habits and demographic details. Around 56% (n=28) of participants reported consuming carbonated drinks at mealtimes. However, their DMFT score was by luck higher than those who consumed their carbonated drinks between meals (36%, n=18).Diet drinks were preferred by only 4% (n=2) of the participants and their caries experience was low as compare d to those who consumed regular drinks (94%, n=47). According to the findings, 30% (n=15) of participants used a straw during consumption and had a much lower DMFT score of 1.07 (1.22) in contrast to the 1.76 (1.82) score for those who did not use a straw (n=34, 68%).Frequency of brushing showed a significant effect on the DMFT score by decreasing it with each increase in frequency. In terms of gender, mean DMFT score of females was higher (1.771.76) than that of males (1.311.60). Among the three age-groups, the 15-17 year age group showed a slightly higher caries experience than the other two groups.Table 3 Effect of carbonated drink related variables and demographic factors on mean DMFT score.Mean DMFT of the sample was 1.60 1.702. Table 4 and propose 1 illustrate the frequency percentage of each component of DMFT Index i.e. of stinky (D), absent (M) and Filled (F) in the study sample. Out of the total DMFT score of 80, Decayed component had the highest frequency percentage (n= 60, 75%), followed by Filled (n=17, 21%) and Missing (n=3, 4%) components, respectively.Table 4 Distribution frequencies of Decayed (D), Missing (M) and Filled (F) components in the whole sample as well as of the cumulative DMFT. contour 1 Distribution of each component of DMFT in the sample.Figure 2 illustrates the relation of frequency of carbonated drink consumption with mean DMFT scores of participants. Participants who Never consumed carbonated drinks had a mean DMFT score of 2. Whereas, participants who consumed carbonated drinks rarely, once a week or one glass daily had mean DMFT of 1, 1.52 and 1.92 respectively. 1.60 was the recorded mean DMFT of those who consumed two or more glasses of carbonated drinks daily.Figure 2 Bar chart illustrating frequency of carbonated drink consumption per mean DMFT scores.DiscussionA strong association between carbonated beverages and dental caries has been indicated by many previous studies (11, 14-16) while a few indicate a much weaker as sociation.(17, 18) We assessed this hypothesis by conducting a cross-sectional study in a sample of 50 participants from Islamabad and Rawalpindi. The results from our study found no association between carbonated drink consumption and dental caries experience. Those participants who had Never consumed carbonated drinks showed the highest mean DMFT.Caries prevalence and caries severity in relation to carbonated drink consumption was high, and similar to that for juices indicating similar cariogenicity.(8, 19) Mean DMFT of those who consumed carbonated drinks at mealtimes was surprisingly greater than of those who consumed between meals a direct contrast with a previous study from Slater P. et al.(20) Results from the current study showed that the mean DMFT decreased with the use of a straw during consumption. This is in accordance with a study by Tahmassebi et al. which proved that if juices were consumed through a straw, there was a less pronounced pH drop in plaque.(21) Since carb onated beverages and juices possess similar cariogenic potential, the same situation might be true for carbonated beverages. literal hygiene (frequency of tooth-brushing) had a strong effect on dental caries experience. DMFT was highest for those who did not brush daily and lowest for those who brushed thrice a day. This intent is in congruity with the fact that despite the intake of sugary drinks, oral health is an important factor in the etiology of dental caries especially with the advent of fluoridated toothpastes.(22)Mean DMFT of females was found to be higher than that of males. This may be due to the uneven distribution of males (38%) and females (62%) in our study sample or it may also indicate that dental caries is statistically dependent on gender to some extent, as proven by earlier studies.(3) Relation of mixer status with beverage consumption patterns, oral hygiene, DMFT etc. could not be derived because of an error in the designed questionnaire. To check the social s tatus of participants, we added the option of wrinkle but neglected to specify whose occupation we were asking for i.e., of the guardian/parent or of the participant. This lead to a confusion on both the participants and the interviewers part resulting in incorrect information to be recorded on the forms.Mean DMFT of the sample was found to be slightly greater than that reported by WHO in 2003.(23) The Decayed portion formed a major component of the overall DMFT score, followed by the Filled and Missing components, indicating that majority of the children do not undergo treatment due to various reasons e.g. high costs of treatment, negligence to oral heath etc. This trend was also observed in a cross-sectional study carried in Karachi.(24)Study Limitations It is necessary here to discuss the limitations faced in our study. We employed a cross-sectional design in determining the beverage intake patterns and oral health conditions of the participants. However, use of cross-sectional data to establish cause (carbonated beverages)-and-effect (dental caries) relationship does not draw valid conclusions. Longitudinal study design should therefore, have been employed.(24, 25) Furthermore, the questionnaire that we used in our study did not provide detailed information regarding fluid intake patterns (e.g. of water).(15) Sample size and sampling technique used in our study was inadequate to cover the characteristics of the whole population of Islamabad and Rawalpindi.(26)Protocols for determining the carious lesions(27) were not strictly followed during the dental examinations. For example, a CPI probe and mouth mirror was not employed to assist in the diagnosis of caries. Radiographs were also not used during the examinations. The probability of surface stains being counted as carious lesions therefore, cannot be eliminated. coatingNo association was found between carbonated beverages consumption and dental caries through our findings. Dental caries was found to be associated with various other factors such as oral hygiene, methods and time of beverage consumption, gender, age, etc.Further research studies, particularly of longitudinal design, should be carried out are before any conclusive results can be derived. A more detailed dietary questionnaire should be employed to ascertain the complete dietary patterns of an individual throughout the day. pastime guidelines should be followed while consuming carbonated or any other cariogenic beverages.(12)Drinks should ideally be consumed at meal times and via a straw to lessen direct contact with teeth.They should not be swirled or swished in the mouth.Tooth brushing immediately afterward consumption should be avoided.Neutralizing foods (milk, cheese and water) should be consumed immediately after beverage consumption.AbbreviationsDMFT = no. of Decayed, Missing and Filled Teeth WHO = World Health Organization CPI probe = Community Periodontal Index probe.References1.Soames JV, Southam JC. oral e xamination pathology Oxford University sign on 2005.2.Poul Erik Petersen, Programme WOH. The World Oral Health Report 2003 continuous improvement of oral health in the 21st century the approach of the WHO Global Oral Health Programme.3.ALI LEGHARI M, TANWIR F, ALI H. DENTAL CARIES PREVALENCE AND RISK FACTORS AMONG SCHOOL CHILDREN AGE 12-15 YEARS IN MALIR, KARACHI. Pakistan Oral Dental daybook. 201232(3).4.Peter S. Essentials Of Preventive Community Dentistry Arya (Medi) publication House 2008.5.Sheiham A. Dietary effects on dental diseases. Public health nutrition. 20014(2b)569-91.6.Sayegh A, Dini E, Holt R, Bedi R. Food and drink consumption, sociodemographic factors and dental caries in 45-year-old children in Amman, Jordan. British dental journal. 2002193(1)37-42.7. American Beverage Association cited 2014 10/9 Available from www.ameribev.org/minisites/products/.8.Meadows-Oliver M, Ryan-Krause P. Powering up with sports and energy drinks. ledger of Pediatric Health Care. 20 0721(6)413-6.9.Jarvinen V, Rytomaa I, Heinonen O. Risk factors in dental erosion. Journal of Dental Research. 199170(6)942-7.10.Owens B, Kitchens M. The erosive potential of woolly drinks on enamel surface substrate an in vitro scanning electron microscopy investigation. The journal of contemporary dental practice. 20068(7)11-20.11.Majewski RF. Dental caries in adolescents associated with caffeinated carbonated beverages. Pediatric Dentistry. 200123(3)198-203.12.Tahmassebi J, Duggal M, Malik-Kotru G, Curzon M. Soft drinks and dental health a review of the current literature. Journal of dentistry. 200634(1)2-11.13.Cappelli DP, Mobley CC. Prevention in clinical oral health care Elsevier Health Sciences 2007.14.Cheng R, Yang H, Shao M-y, Hu T, Zhou X-d. Dental erosion and severe tooth decay related to soft drinks a case report and literature review. Journal of Zhejiang University science B. 200910(5)395-9.15.Lim S, Sohn W, Burt B, Sandretto AM, Kolker JL, Marshall TA, et al. Cariogeni city of soft drinks, milk and fruit juice in low-income African-American children. Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2008139(7)959-67.16.Sohn W, Burt B, Sowers M. Carbonated soft drinks and dental caries in the primary dentition. Journal of dental research. 200685(3)262-6.17.Marshall TA, Levy SM, Broffitt B, Warren JJ, Eichenberger-Gilmore JM, Burns TL, et al. Dental caries and beverage consumption in young children. Pediatrics. 2003112(3)e184-e91.18.Vartanian LR, Schwartz MB, Brownell KD. Effects of soft drink consumption on nutrition and health a systematic review and meta-analysis. American journal of public health. 200797(4)667-75.19.Birkhed D. Sugar content, acidity and effect on plaque pH of fruit juices, fruit drinks, carbonated beverages and sport drinks. Caries research. 198418(2)120-7.20.Slater P, Gkolia P, Johnson H, Thomas A. Patterns of soft drink consumption and primary tooth extractions in Queensland children. Australian dental journal. 201055(4)430-5.21.T ahmassebi J, Duggal M. The effect of different methods of drinking on the pH of dental plaque in vivo. International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry. 19977(4)249-54.22.Burt BA, Pai S. Sugar consumption and caries run a risk a systematic review. Journal of dental education. 200165(10)1017-23.23.Caries for 12-Year-Olds by Country/Area database on the Internet. Available from www.mah.se/CAPP/Country-Oral-Health-Profiles/According-to-Alphabetical/CountryArea-P/.24.Dawani N, Nisar N, Khan N, Syed S, Tanweer N. Prevalence and factors related to dental caries among pre-school children of Saddar town, Karachi, Pakistan a cross-sectional study. BMC Oral Health. 201212(1)59.25.Moynihan P, Petersen PE. Diet, nutrition and the prevention of dental diseases. Public health nutrition. 20047(1a)201-26.26.Convenience Sampling. Available from https//explorable.com/convenience-sampling.27.A Textbook of Public Health Dentistry Jaypee Brothers, Medical Publishers 2011.

Canadas Institutional Landscape And The Governments Ignorance Of Far :: essays research papers fc

Canadas Institutional Landscape and The Governments Ignorance of Farmers NeedsSaskatchewan farmers have been continually ignored in Canadasinstitutional landscape. Never has the situation been more evident as it iswith the possibility of Quebec separation. The Canadian governments ignoranceof farmers require has caused a cynical view of the political process in the eyeof farmers. One of the major sources of the cynicism is that Canadian federalinstitutions are developed so that most political of the clout is developed fromthe east. The eastern domination of the House of Commons, and indirectly theSenate, agent that Saskatchewan wheat farmers do not have a strong voice inCanadian political decisions. But what does the Saskatchewan lack ofrepresentation in Canadas political institutions in Ottawa mean? What canSaskatchewan wheat farmers do to rectify the situation? And, following a Quebecseparation what can wheat farmers do to uphold their livelihood? The intent ofthis report is to focus on the actions Saskatchewan wheat farmers can take toensure their success in the future. A focus on the recent political policydecisions by the federal government, the need for intrastate institutionalreform, and effects of a possible Quebec separation will all be analyzed.     The current institutional landscape of Canada has not acted favorablyfor Saskatchewan wheat farmers. The development of the institutions, ie. theHouse of Commons and the Senate, and the policies that have developed from theseinstitutions have continually ignored the needs of prairie farmers, emphasizingthe cynicism Saskatchewan wheat farmers have towards the political process. Theantipathy towards the political institutions has developed because of recentcost-cutting initiatives and deregulatory procedures by the government and bymis-representation of farmers needs in government today. The unsuccessful person ofSaskatchewan wheat farmers to express their needs in the Canadian politi calarena successfully, when compared to other constituencies, is based on the factthat Saskatchewans representation in Canadas political institutions is weak.The response is the development of policies contrary to what would be accepted byfarmers.     Saskatchewan wheat farmers, in accordance with most constituencies inthe west, have desired a institutional depart to the Upper House in Canada. In1867, when the institutions were developed, the goal was to develop twodifferent political "bodies". One, the House of Commons, would represent theCanadian people by means of elected representatives in a representation bypopulation scenario. The second, the Senate, would be a source of "sober secondthought." In its creation the senate was intended to nurse the ideals ofindividual regions. However, to the chagrin of Saskatchewan wheat farmers, theintended regional focus of the senate never developed and, hence, the senate has

The Relationships Behind Portrait :: Art, James Joyce

In A Portrait of the Artist as a Young creation by James Joyce, Stephen Dedalus, reacts towards his parents the same as many typical modern-day adolescents and adolescents of the early 1900s. Stephens attitude and feelings towards his parents win over throughout the course of this book. His feelings change in a pattern similar to one of typical adolescents. Adolescent attitudes have not changed much throughout the years. Adolescents change physically and emotionally during the early years of their life. The activities the adolescents do may have changed but the intentions behind those acts have not. Stephen has a several(predicate) relationship with family members other than his parents like his Uncle Charles and his Aunt Dante. Many adolescents have a different relationship with family members other than their parents. In the article, Joyce and His First Self-Portrait by James T. Farrell, Farrell states no clear and full picture of Stephens relationship with his flummox is desc ribed.(3) I believe this contention could be true and false. It could be true on the grounds of no definite feelings described in the book from Stephen. There is also no change of feelings throughout the course of Stephens adolescence that are mentioned. Only three events in the book mentions a relationship between Stephen and his mother. The first instance is when Stephen is teased by surface and the other older boys about the subject of kissing his mother. Wells asks Stephen, do you kiss your mother before you go to bed? This opens up the topic over whether he should kiss his mother or should he not. The other boys laugh at Stephens confusion while he ponders this thought. (Joyce,6) During the Christmas dinner, there is no direct interview to a relationship between Stephen and his mother. During this scene, Stephen see different sides of all the adults at the dinner. Stephens mother tries to create a peaceful Christmas dinner. She is unable to do this because Stephens father, aunt, and uncle get into a heated political debate. Stephen witnesses his mother get irritated over the constant arguing. She tries to stop the argument but fails to do so. Stephens feelings are not recognized in the passage. He merely just observes this scene. (Joyce, 21-22) At the end of the book, it does not mention a relationship between the two but an argument they have. Stephen tells Cranly he argued with his mother about going to church on Easter Sunday.

Free Essays - A Lesson Before Dying :: Lesson Before Dying Essays

In the novel, A Lesson Before Dying, By Ernest Gaines, the main character, reserve Wiggins gives a man meaning in his last days alive.  Wiggins gives him a book to write his thoughts in, and helps him to realize that he is not a hog.  He shows him that he is truly a good person, and that he should die with his head up, knowing that he led a worthy and honest life.  Mr. Wiggins changed greatly through the story, from a chilly school teacher to an open hearted and caring man.  This helped his relationship with others as well as Jefferson.  Through his changing, he became the one man that Jefferson could trust.In a rural town in Louisiana in the late 1940s a poorly educated young black man, Jefferson, is in the terms place at the wrong time he is in a bar with two friends when they murder the white-hot bartender.  Jefferson is unfairly convicted of murder and sentenced to the electric chair by a white judge and jury.  His defense lawyer, in an attempt t o ward off the death sentence, labels him a hog--and it is this label that Jeffersons godmother wants disproved.  She enlists the help of a plantation school teacher, Grant Wiggins, who at first isnt too keen on the idea of helping a crook.  Wiggins agrees to talk with Jefferson only out of a sense of duty--he is an unhappy, provoked man who dreamt of escape from his deprived childhood yet returned to his hometown after a university education to teach in the same one-room parish school he attended.  Despite disappointment at the hands of the white sheriff, Jeffersons lack of cooperation, and his own sense of futility and uncertain faith, Wiggins forges a bond with Jefferson that leads to wisdom and courage for both.  At first, Jefferson sees himself as a hog, and zero but a hog.It takes Wiggins much time and strength to convince him that he should live his last days with pride and dignity.  Jefferson looks at the entire situation as his fault and will only do what Miss Emma and Tante Lou see fit for him to do.  If thats what they want, Jefferson said.  No, not what they want what you want, says GrantIf thats what they want, Im gon die anyhow, says Jefferson.(p.135)Wiggins begins his teaching as he has taught for years, which is not allowing it to change his life.

Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) is a Safe Treatment for Mental Disorder

A.Thesis StatementElectroconvulsive therapy ( electroshock) is a intercession for severe mental illness in which the brain is stimulated with a vehement electrical current which dumbfounds a seizure. The seizure rearranges the brains neurochemistry and results in an elevation of mood. This essay asks Is electroshock therapy any safer and more effective in treating mood disorders than drug therapies? This treatment has a controversial history ever since it was first introduced in 1938. I intend to argue that electroconvulsive therapy is indeed a safe treatment of mental disorders when different treatments have failed. Due to the development of safer and less traumatic ways of administering ECT, the treatment has made a comeback, is greatly enjoymentd, and proves to be effective.B.Historical ContextThe original subprogram of electricity as a cure for insanity dates back to the beginning of the 16th century when electric fish were used to treat headaches. Electroconvulsive therap y on humanity originates from research in the 1930s into the effects of camphor-induced seizures in people with schizophrenia (Guttmacher, 1994). In 1938, two Italian researchers, Ugo Cerletti and Lucio Bini, were the first to use an electric current to induce a seizure in a delusional, hallucinating, schizophrenic man. The man fully recovered after eleven treatments. This led to a rapid spread of the use of ECT as a way to induce therapeutic convulsions in the mentally ill. Lothar Kalinowsky, Renato Almansi, and Victor Gonda are further responsible in spreading ECT from Italy to North America (Endler, 1988). Although there is some confusion as to who exactly is credited for administering the first ECT in America, it is known that it occurred in the early 1940.When ECT was first introduced, it was a terrifying and hazardous procedure patients suffered serious side effects, even breaking a bone from convulsions (Nairne, Smith & Lindsay, 2001). It has been criticized since its beginn ings, and only recently it has begun to be seen more positively. The major reason for this is the fact that the treatment went through significant changes over the years it is now much safer than before. Nowadays, patients are given a prevalent anaesthetic and medications that relax the muscles to prevent injuries from occur. However, most professionals still consider it to be a treatment of last resort. It is used when people have shown... ...epressive disorders a organized review and meta-analysis. The Lancet, 361(9360), 799-808. Gerard G. G., Furman, M. J., Carpenter, L. L., et al. (December 2000). Efficacy of continuation ECT and antidepressant drugs compared to long-term antidepressants alone in depressed patients. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 1960-1965. Guttmacher, L. B. (1994). Concise Guide to Psychopharmacology and Electroconvulsive Therapy. Washington American Psychiatric Press Inc.Nairne, J. S., Smith, M. S., and Lindsay, D. S. (2001). Psychology The Adapt ive Mind. Scarborough Nelson Thomson Learning. Reisner, A D. (2003). The electroconvulsive therapy controversy evidence and ethics. Neuropsychology Review, 13(4), 199-219.Vothknecht, S., Kho, K. H., van Schaick, H. W., et al. (September 2004). Effects of maintenance electroconvulsive therapy on cognitive functions. Journal of ECT, 19(3), 151-157.Weiner R. D., & Krystal, A.D. (February 1994). The benefaction use of electroconvulsive therapy. Annual Review of Medicine, 45, 273-281. (2001). The Practice of Electroconvulsive Therapy Recommendations for Treatment, Training, and privileging (2nd Ed). American Psychiatric Association.