Free Essays - A Lesson Before Dying :: Lesson Before Dying Essays

In the novel, A Lesson Before Dying, By Ernest Gaines, the main character, reserve Wiggins gives a man meaning in his last days alive.  Wiggins gives him a book to write his thoughts in, and helps him to realize that he is not a hog.  He shows him that he is truly a good person, and that he should die with his head up, knowing that he led a worthy and honest life.  Mr. Wiggins changed greatly through the story, from a chilly school teacher to an open hearted and caring man.  This helped his relationship with others as well as Jefferson.  Through his changing, he became the one man that Jefferson could trust.In a rural town in Louisiana in the late 1940s a poorly educated young black man, Jefferson, is in the terms place at the wrong time he is in a bar with two friends when they murder the white-hot bartender.  Jefferson is unfairly convicted of murder and sentenced to the electric chair by a white judge and jury.  His defense lawyer, in an attempt t o ward off the death sentence, labels him a hog--and it is this label that Jeffersons godmother wants disproved.  She enlists the help of a plantation school teacher, Grant Wiggins, who at first isnt too keen on the idea of helping a crook.  Wiggins agrees to talk with Jefferson only out of a sense of duty--he is an unhappy, provoked man who dreamt of escape from his deprived childhood yet returned to his hometown after a university education to teach in the same one-room parish school he attended.  Despite disappointment at the hands of the white sheriff, Jeffersons lack of cooperation, and his own sense of futility and uncertain faith, Wiggins forges a bond with Jefferson that leads to wisdom and courage for both.  At first, Jefferson sees himself as a hog, and zero but a hog.It takes Wiggins much time and strength to convince him that he should live his last days with pride and dignity.  Jefferson looks at the entire situation as his fault and will only do what Miss Emma and Tante Lou see fit for him to do.  If thats what they want, Jefferson said.  No, not what they want what you want, says GrantIf thats what they want, Im gon die anyhow, says Jefferson.(p.135)Wiggins begins his teaching as he has taught for years, which is not allowing it to change his life.

Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) is a Safe Treatment for Mental Disorder

A.Thesis StatementElectroconvulsive therapy ( electroshock) is a intercession for severe mental illness in which the brain is stimulated with a vehement electrical current which dumbfounds a seizure. The seizure rearranges the brains neurochemistry and results in an elevation of mood. This essay asks Is electroshock therapy any safer and more effective in treating mood disorders than drug therapies? This treatment has a controversial history ever since it was first introduced in 1938. I intend to argue that electroconvulsive therapy is indeed a safe treatment of mental disorders when different treatments have failed. Due to the development of safer and less traumatic ways of administering ECT, the treatment has made a comeback, is greatly enjoymentd, and proves to be effective.B.Historical ContextThe original subprogram of electricity as a cure for insanity dates back to the beginning of the 16th century when electric fish were used to treat headaches. Electroconvulsive therap y on humanity originates from research in the 1930s into the effects of camphor-induced seizures in people with schizophrenia (Guttmacher, 1994). In 1938, two Italian researchers, Ugo Cerletti and Lucio Bini, were the first to use an electric current to induce a seizure in a delusional, hallucinating, schizophrenic man. The man fully recovered after eleven treatments. This led to a rapid spread of the use of ECT as a way to induce therapeutic convulsions in the mentally ill. Lothar Kalinowsky, Renato Almansi, and Victor Gonda are further responsible in spreading ECT from Italy to North America (Endler, 1988). Although there is some confusion as to who exactly is credited for administering the first ECT in America, it is known that it occurred in the early 1940.When ECT was first introduced, it was a terrifying and hazardous procedure patients suffered serious side effects, even breaking a bone from convulsions (Nairne, Smith & Lindsay, 2001). It has been criticized since its beginn ings, and only recently it has begun to be seen more positively. The major reason for this is the fact that the treatment went through significant changes over the years it is now much safer than before. Nowadays, patients are given a prevalent anaesthetic and medications that relax the muscles to prevent injuries from occur. However, most professionals still consider it to be a treatment of last resort. It is used when people have shown... ...epressive disorders a organized review and meta-analysis. The Lancet, 361(9360), 799-808. Gerard G. G., Furman, M. J., Carpenter, L. L., et al. (December 2000). Efficacy of continuation ECT and antidepressant drugs compared to long-term antidepressants alone in depressed patients. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 1960-1965. Guttmacher, L. B. (1994). Concise Guide to Psychopharmacology and Electroconvulsive Therapy. Washington American Psychiatric Press Inc.Nairne, J. S., Smith, M. S., and Lindsay, D. S. (2001). Psychology The Adapt ive Mind. Scarborough Nelson Thomson Learning. Reisner, A D. (2003). The electroconvulsive therapy controversy evidence and ethics. Neuropsychology Review, 13(4), 199-219.Vothknecht, S., Kho, K. H., van Schaick, H. W., et al. (September 2004). Effects of maintenance electroconvulsive therapy on cognitive functions. Journal of ECT, 19(3), 151-157.Weiner R. D., & Krystal, A.D. (February 1994). The benefaction use of electroconvulsive therapy. Annual Review of Medicine, 45, 273-281. (2001). The Practice of Electroconvulsive Therapy Recommendations for Treatment, Training, and privileging (2nd Ed). American Psychiatric Association.

beet lab :: essays research papers

MATERIAL AND METHODSStability of cell membrane victimisation pHFor the lab experiment for testing the stability of beet cell membranes using pH, many materials were used as follows. Obtaining a beet we punch out cores, using a cork borer. by and by washing the cores we put each cardinal inside a separate test tube, and added a different pH solution in each one. After 3 transactions in these video solutions, we took the beet out with a dissecting needle. Then transferred each beet to a separate test tube containing deionized water. After 20 minutes in these spreading solutions, we took the beets out with a dissecting needle and discard it. We then stirred each solution in the test tube with a stirring rod, and transferred it to a cuvette. A spectrophotometer was then calibrated, and used to measure the absorbance of each exposure solution, and diffusion solution. Membrane DamageFor the lab experiment for Membrane Damage, we tested the extract pigment and diluted it. When the p H solutions are added, this will cause it to be in a range of absorbance. We used materials as follows. Obtaining a beet we proceeded to cut small exclusive cubes. We then rinse each cube to remove any damaged pigments with deionized water. Using a blender, we blend the beets with 15 mL of pH 7 DI water. After blending we used cheesecloth to separate the liquid from the solids for easier centrifuge process. Then we put the liquid beet into a centrifuge tube and centrifuge it for 5 minutes at 2500 rpm. We then remove the supernatant into a beaker, and discarded the sediment. Using a 14 ratio mixture of the supernatant and deionized water, we made a stock solution. We then tested the stock solutions absorbance with a spectrophotometer, and place 1 mL of the solution into separate test tubes. Next we added an special 4 mL of pH solutions in the 2-11 range into each test tube. After mixing, we tested the absorbance for each solution using a spectrophotometer. Mixing the diffusion and Exposure SolutionFor the lab experiment of mixing the diffusion and exposure solution, we are going to test if the pigment is released in the exposure solution. We used materials as follows Obtaining a beet, we punched out 2 cm long beets using a cork borer. Then we wash the beets in running water, after that we prepared 10 test tubes each containing different pH solution.

Technology Improves Education :: Educating Technological Papers

Technology Improves Education Mevery believe a revolution is taking place in culture in the counselling people learn and they way instruction is given. The education community has been hearing of reforms and revolutions for the past few decades, but most of them shit been nonexistent or without any long-term merit or real value. Some believe the method of an instructor lecturing while students listen and absorb is really the only practicable way to teach or learn. About two decades ago, when personal computers started to become affordable, many thought that computers would revolutionize education, that computer-based teaching and learning would become the savior of education and the solution to falling test scores. This has never really happened. Over the past two decades, many teachers require successfully prepared students, some with computers in the give lessonsroom and some without. Teachers could avoid computers, either because they chose not to learn how to use them or b ecause they had none in their classroom or school to use. Teachers entering the profession have not been required to understand computational technology in order to graduate from college. The internet has been in existence for almost two decades and began to extend into schools about(predicate) 15 years ago, first into universities and then into K-12. Did the internet revolutionize education? Not exactly, it did provide an opportunity to expand learning options for teachers and students who were fortunate enough to have internet access, a few computers, and appropriate guidance on usage. Often this took place in only one classroom and only one school within a system and did not become systemic throughout the school. There are many factors affecting this slow implementation of computing and communication theory technology in schools, including administrations with no knowledge of its value or no willingness to realign school budgets to include computational technology insufficient in serve well professions development programs for teachers a lack of specific curriculum benefits or of resources for teachers to use in their courses deficient preservice preparation of teachers in technology or computation. Why do some of us believe there is now a revolution taking place that cannot be ignored by educators or administrators? In November 1993, the theme Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) released photomosaic, the first World Wide Web browser for all three computing platforms (UNIX, PC, and Macintosh). The internet had become the World Wide Web, and now Mosaic allowed anyone who knew the basics about using a computer and a mouse to go out onto the Web and easily and quickly locate multimedia information.

Comparision and Contrast between the Rocking Horse Winner and the Road

Comparision and Contrast between the Rocking clam Winner and the Road not TakenLifes stories shared by the view of two writers. Both stories have many similarities, however, contrast with just as many differences. The Destructors, scripted by Graham Green, and The Rocking Horse Winner written by D.H. Lawrence. When contrasting these two stories, consider the plot, characters, story line, and each authors approach. Also consider the intent and mood each author sets forth. In the story The Destructors the aspect is in a London car park called Northwood Terrace, nine years concluding World War II. The plot deals with gang of young boys from the street, whose soul purpose, is to remove the inside of Mr. Thomas house without him even knowing it. Mr. Thomas, once a builder and decorator, was better referred to as Old Misery by the Wormsley Gang. He was viewed as a mean old man, and the only time he was usually seen is when he is traveling to and from the market once or twic e a week. In the The Rocking Horse Winner, the plot starts off around Paul, a ...

Comparision and Contrast between the Rocking Horse Winner and the Road

Comparision and Contrast between the Rocking Horse Winner and the Road not TakenLifes stories shared through the view of two writers. Both stories have galore(postnominal) similarities, however, contrast with just as many differences. The Destructors, written by Graham Green, and The Rocking Horse Winner written by D.H. Lawrence. When contrasting these two stories, consider the plot, characters, falsehood line, and each authors approach. Also consider the intent and mood each author sets forth. In the story The Destructors the setting is in a London car greens called Northwood Terrace, nine years concluding World War II. The plot deals with gang of young boys from the street, whose soul purpose, is to destroy the inside of Mr. Thomas house without him even knowing it. Mr. Thomas, at once a builder and decorator, was better referred to as Old Misery by the Wormsley Gang. He was viewed as a mean old man, and the only time he was usually seen is when he is traveling to a nd from the market once or twice a week. In the The Rocking Horse Winner, the plot starts off around Paul, a ...

An Inquiry to the Nature and Causes of the Influence of Adam Smith

Many people, when asked what pops into their mind with the word economics, they mostly say capitalism. Indeed the field deals a lot with capitalism. In feature, the three great names mentioned in Heilbroner and Thurow (1982, 17)Adam Smith, Karl Marx, and John Maynard Keyneshave capitalism as the base of their different ideologies and it is in how they assure capitalism that within economics, several school of thought sprouted, enabling the further development of the field.The influence that Smith, Marx, and Keynes are incalculable each inducing their testify sterilise of followers that continue polishing up their works long after they are gone, each idea continuing on as legacies, influencing political decisions every throughout the world. But for now, let us content ourselves with examining the influence of Adam Smith, the father of economics himself.In the opening statement of Adam Smiths celebrated work, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (Smith, S kinner, 1986), he wroteHow selfish soever man may be supposed, there are evidently some principles in his nature, which disport him in the fortunes of others, and render their happiness necessary to him, though he derives nothing from it, except the pleasure of seeing it (Smith, 1986).Back in Smiths day, this statement, along with the ideas contained in the Wealth of Nations, raised many eyebrows. The book, a first-of-its-kind defense for the free-market and a direct attack to commercialism, argues that the selfish motives of individuals does not necessarily lead to detriments in fact it could actually benefit the society.It is based from this belief that he further postulated that the free market, though looking like unrestrained and chaotic, will be eventually manoeuver to the right direction by the Invisible Hand, which in turn is guided by individual human motives that are most commonly selfishness and greed. It be termed as a free-market, Smith abhorred any kind of interven tion coming from the government, believing that for the market to function efficiently, it should be left to work on its ownthus, the idea of laissez-faire (www.econlib.org). Smith also was a firm believer that it is labor, and not land that is essential in increasing production and thus highlights the vastness (but also warns against the peril) of discrepancy of labor.Just how important Smiths ideas are can be readily seen in the field of Economics through the years and especially in this day and age free markets have been made the ultimate goal of many a government of today specialization has neer been more stressed as a major strategy in production capitalism is fast becoming the only model for economies today and mercantilism have long disappeared in favor of Smiths proposed free trade (although the degree of freedom in trade in some countries is a matter worth questioning).Selfishness and greed, although still contested by some groups, are still viewed in a much more posit ive light, and is justified in the field of economics so long as they serve the societys over-all benefit. Several followers have also polished on the economic experts basic ideas, extending them to meet the different quirks that come up through time.Smith has been a household name for any person with at least(prenominal) average knowledge on economics in fact he is ranked 30th in Michael Harts list of the most prestigious persons in history (1992). Also his portrait appears on the twenty pound note in UK. (Talk about influence that you cannot buy)Greed that fosters growth and division that promotes efficiency. Once taken aside but now are lived and breathed and experienced worldwide. And as long as there are supporters who hang on to the basic tenets of the famous Adam Smith, the great economists legacy shall forever live on and endure.ReferencesHart, M. (1992). The 100 A ranking of the most influential persons in history. Carol PublishingGroup.Henderson, D. (2002). Biography of Adam Smith. Retrieved March 3, 2008, fromHeilbroner, RL., Thurow, LC. (1982). Three Great Economists. Economics explained.Prentice-Hall. p.17.Smith, A., Skinner, A (Ed). (1986). An inquiry to the nature and causes of the wealth of nations.Penguin Classics.

Critical Analysis of Convergence of the Twain Thomas Hardy Essay

Not even God can sink this ship is the disreputable line that refers to the Titanic, one of the largest most immaculate man made inventions of its time, and the catastrophic accident that led to its sinking has been a historical bookmark, noted for decades. Thomas venturouss perception to this disaster is rather pessimistic creating a sense that part was destined to cause the failure of Titanic. brassy dumbfounds a philosophical verse about specifys inevitability and indifference finished the eyes of nature, portraying the disaster by presenting the accident as a sinister familiar meeting between these two loversthe Titanic and a Shape of Ice.The title of the poem alone demonstrates that this catastrophe was planned in advance, a spectacular sensual meeting. The use of such a title lends itself to the interpretation that this disaster was meant to happen, and was something that destiny, the Spinner of the Years had planned. This is further developed in the diction that hard y uses in this poem. The two were intimate, their history had already been developed and determined they were to be welded together, to be one anothers sinister mate.See more than how to write a critical analysis outlineThis sexual, ominous meeting of ship and ice creates a very pessimistic and portentous understanding of what happened. Furthermore, through the use of depicting the iceberg and Titanic as lovers, it leads to the reader understanding the iceberg as the dominant, powerful male lover. This presents another theme of nature universe able to overpower mans unimportantgloriousness. At the consummation of the two, the iceberg is left unharmed, where as the ship is sunk under the solitude of the sea. venturesomes poetry has always had natures beauty and power as a theme, therefore it is no surprise that he believes that nature is high-performance and timeless as compared to the Titanic, that had been so immaculately described and honored just to turn over sunk under the natural beautiful sea. In this poem, nature seems to pick up the events of this meeting, however the images of nature are eerie and representative of death. The dim-mooned eye fishes question the presence of the Titanic in the seas depths, recognizing it as a vain intruder into their world.Also the sea worm crawls over this foreign invader, indifferent to the fact that this vessel was a monumental figure of gentleman development and design in 1912. Hardy uses nature witnessing this romantic convergence as a tool to mock the things that humans are proud of and the vanity that is the Titanic, as puff up as disassociate itself from it. In the poem, Hardy does not undermine the Titanics sheer beauty, but it is linked with images of death and destruction.It is firstly connected to the fleece of Life, which is human innovation and vanity, and it is a remarkable creation that was planned. However, her steel chambers, late the pyres/Of her salamandrine fires is the next description t hat we are given. Pyre is a record definitely associated with death and funeral rites, where as salamandrine and fires both have connotations to death as intimately, and the end of matter. These descriptions create an ominous mood to the ship and of its imminent meeting with the iceberg.Hardys disapproval to technology, development and modernization is evident not only in other poems such as Where the Picnic Was and The Darkling Thrush but is in addition evident in this one, and he uses the catastrophe to mock the vanity of man, the things they find superficially attractive, their jewels in joy designed lie lightless, all their sparkles bleared and black and blind, and the mirrors meant to have been used to perceive all this human vanity is crawled over by grotesque creatures who are the are the ones that are using these opulent items.Fate, however, is the most fulgent theme in the poem Hardy recognizes fate and the will of God as the reasons why this ship had to have sunk. It i s illustrated in the personification of Immanent impart and the Spinner of the Years this personification is a vague reference to God as well as showing their power and command over human life. These presences urge everything to happen, and give imperative commands that must be followed. The poem seems to be representative of Hardys feeling that fates plans are needful and are unstoppable despite whatever has been put in place to prevent what is happening.Hardys theme of the vulnerability of human destiny is present in many poems and is connected to his loss of faith, the poems Intenebris, and the Darkling Thrush evidently presents Hardys reluctance to see the beauty in fate, or Gods will, he doesnt reconcile with this, and therefore there is a pessimistic and gloomy take on the unavoidability of it all.Fate bring these two hemispheres together to witness the result of their vanity and recognize that there is a higher power that is fashioning the worlds events, and because of all of he things that have occurred in his lifesuch as Emmas deathit has led to this pervading theme of negativity towards fate, God, as well as the passage of timewhich is briefly hinted at absorbing how the Titanic lost its beauty during its sinking. The wrench of this poem is complex and intricate, the numbering of the stanzas makes the reader understand each stanza individually, and consider it a unique unit. This emphasizes the message in the stanzas and makes it all the more powerful. However, there is enjambment in the sixth and seventh stanza, making it as though they were meant to be one stanza.These stanzas also happen to concern the creation of the ship, and the creation of the iceberg, which are meant to become one in the endin their sexual meeting. Furthermore, the poem is written in rhyming triplets, along with a tidal rhythm, which manages to capture the feel and movement of the sea in the rhythm of the poem. It can also be noted that the poem is somewhat split into two , the first five stanzas focus on the sunken Titanic, the waste of all the vanity that was put into it, where as the last six stanzas focus on the inevitable fate of the two having met.It is interesting that Hardy possible constructs the poem this way because the catastrophe was so well-known and famous that he is able to begin with the focus on the ships already sunken state before delving into the issue of fate and Gods will. One very intriguing element to Hardys construction of The Convergence of the Twain is that the stanzas look as if they are tiny ships. This creative device adds more artistic flair to the poem and adds motion to the poem, as well as being a visual aid.The Convergence of the Twain is a philosophical dirge by Hardy that also happens to illustrate most of his quandaries of life, fate and human vanity. As Hardy using an atypical presentation of the tragedy also manages to make the reader recognize his cynicism and negativity towards human technologies and the Ti tanic. His poem shows the tragedy of mans overconfidence, and illustrates the importance of recognizing the power of nature as well as fate on our lives.

Fiat Pushes Work Ethic at Italian Plant

Flat which accounts for the evildoer of about 15000 families In the PANGOLIN DART region has Its least productive plant amongst all there. This Is due to the fact of employees misusing charm ethics by being absent from work, faking illness and a doctors note for as little as a local teams soccer match. orderliness suffered dreaded losses few years prior due to reduced production and quality issues. To counter this Fiat hired Sergei Maraschino as CEO who was evaluate to deliver similar success under his leadership as he did for American automaker Chrysler, rescuing the brand from bankruptcy.His motivation was to safeguard Jobs by pushing workers to be more devoted in turn boosting production and which would mirror Italys economic standpoint and GAP. HIS vision for the need of change and pushing the Italians towards similar economic certificate like the Scandinavians was not accepted well. Nell Angelo a factory worker give tongue to how Serious American methods were no good In It aly, where people for generations have lived with a slow paced lifestyle Insuring flexibility for workers.He also criticized Sergei for pulling the leash on absence and fearing a similar fate as Chinese workers who committed suicide due to excessive Rockford and stress. His radical solutions forced workers to change their routines and work ethics on the promise of bringing back production of the Panda back from the fancify people, creating more Jobs and working hours. Serious idea of changing working habits in order to improve individual financial futures and as a nation lying on the verge of sinking into debts betterment signified his glide slope of the utilitarian normative theory.Under this theory Serious actions on misconduct and misuse of work ethics was beneficial for him and everyone in his surroundings. His actions and sessions focused on common welfare of not only employees but also Italy as a unscathed. Sergei before his utilitarian approach studied all possible factor s which made the problem Sergei concluded individual factors such as cultural and social behavior and situational factors that influenced the psyche of employees since early adulthood that lead to the ethically incorrect behavior of employees on the global market sphere.He recognized how the Italian culture was different from his American experience/background and how it was natural for Italians to skip work and misuse power. The article also made clear how employees lacked Ethics of duty towards their workplace. 2. Determination of the dilemma Sergei after his research about the Italian work atmosphere studied the extent of damage the unethical employee behavior could have had on them, FIAT and Italy as a nation. In his mind the bigger picture displayed of Italy halting debt-ridden was severe.He as a leader took responsibility for making a turnaround and saving Jobs which were livelihood for families residing in poor areas with increasing unemployment. 3. vogue of action Sergei took note to his previous ventures and brainstormed with other veteran FIAT employees who shared similar mindset. He also consulted reports by economists Divide Strop on how if FIAT went down, Italy would too. He studied on how he could motivate workers to increase production. 4.Considering consequences Sergei from the beginning knew his vision and opinion would not be accepted by Italian workers. They considered him an foreigner whose American-style standards would force people to commit suicides. This was the biggest hurdle for Sergei for his utilitarian approach which by many was Judged egoistic and only good for him and FIAT. 5. Implementing the solution Sergei implemented strict measures which were stated to be FIATs curtain drawing on a humane working life and social upbringing of the Italians.His decisions cut absenteeism from 30% to 3% within the whole FIAT brand. His rule of sending doctors to homes of sick employees and workers for genuineness and penalizing by smaller l unch breaks did the trick. 6. Analyzing results Serried measures proved to be successful as by the end of the year 63% of the employees signed FIATs new working ethic model and preferred keeping a Job than being unemployed.

Explore the role of nature Essay

In the first three hatchway sections of Tess of the DUrbervilles, constitution plays adult maley a signifi laughingstockt usage. It acts as a storytelling device, helping the plan of the story to move and develop it acts as a mirror for Tess feelings and the feelings of others it adds atmosphere to the plot itself. Most significantly, it plays a major role in Tess well universe, but this role is often thwarted by the actions of homophile and the actions of gentlemans Church the two are often in conflict, and these sections often explore this. We first find tabu Tess taking part in an activity, clubwalking, with many of her friends and surrounding neighbours.All the people taking part are women, and it is a very simple activity it is tho them and the surrounding personality. This suggests that they share a harmony with their surroundings, and also that it is very feminine and pure, much resembling Tess at the beginning of the novel. As Tess emerges from this, we associat e personality with her roughly immediately. stander also appears from this setting, with his two brothers, and he seems more connected with nature than he does with their religion. His brothers seem uptight and stuffy dancing with a troop of soil hoydens being an indication of this whilst he seems more carefree and willing to interact.In this way, Tess and Angel are instantly connected for the reader, and nature appears to shelter and protect them. However, Angel chooses another girl to dance with, marring the experience and implying that there is more to the situation perhaps they are not so staring(a). It implys that where nature creates a situation, man can often disrupt it, through their actions and religion. It accordly acts as a device for dramatic irony and foreshadows further events in the book. The death of the family horse, one of the more important contributors to Tess decision to thrash for the dUrbervilles, is caused by both nature and man.Tess falls asleep during her coach ride, and nature fails to keep her awake. It could be argued that it was enticing her to go to sleep, and therefrom was a main conspirator against her. However, a man kills her horse (the morning mail cart had driven into her slow and unlighted equipage). The death of her horse is a junto of the two, and it seems as though nature is working with man to contribute to her ruin, although it may also be looked on as nature trying to protect her and, again, man disrupting it the two forces work against each other.Tess family had already raised the idea of her going to work for an old family (although Tess was against this when her younger brother questioned her on it she burst out never mind that now ) but this new factor makes Tess think that she is responsible and must therefore help her family in their time of need. She has no choice in the matter nature and fate, it seems has decided it for her she had hoped to be produce a teacher at the school, but the fates s eemed to decide otherwise. It suggests that nature has carved out its own path for Tess. out-of-pocket to the death of the horse, and at the persuasion of her family, Tess leaves for Trantridge. She plans to gain work from the DUrbervilles that live there. As readers, we are informed that they are not real DUrbervilles the likes of Tess and her family the father in the family, Simon Stoke, bought the name once he had made his money from being a merchant, in order to appear more grand to the ministration of society they are not natural DUrbervilles, and Tess has been tricked.This is an example of man meddling with nature nature did not give them that name and they are therefore imposters. Trantridge itself, the house where the Stoke-DUrbevilles like, seems out of place with the surrounding nature it is described as of recent erection of the rich red colour that formed such a contrast with the evergreens . It is farthermost more modern and different from its surrounding and there fore appears almost sinister Nature did not intend for it to be there.Tess is assigned to work on the fancy farm belonging to the DUrbervilles. This small poultry farm seems unnecessary and frivolous, and is not needed in natures arrangement it is merely the whim of man, much as Tess is for Alec in the novel. In this way, nature and its parts act as a mimic for the story. When Alec DUrberville first meets Tess, he immediately begins to seduce her. He feeds her strawberries one of natures most seductive fruits, due to its rich red colour and is riveted by the form that nature has given her.In this way, nature unwittingly works against Tess by making her appear more of a woman than she already was, it has caused Alec to be immensely attracted to her. However, during the cart ride from her family home to his, when he has attempted to kiss her and she has dismounted under the pretences of saving her hat, he tries to use nature against her by hemming her in with his cart against the fence. She, however, uses nature to deport her and talks to him from the top of the hedge into which she had scrambled nature assists her here.Just before Tess rape, the descriptions of wood are dark and unforgiving, with webs of vapour forming veils against the trees. Nature shows its darker side, and indicates what is about to happen. What happens to Tess, however, is a merry part of Nature perhaps nature assumes it is helping her in this way. It could be argued that nature here is working against Tess to set the next events in motion, or that nature is giving her a form of gift sex and pregnancy is widely regarded as natures highest privelege.Human religion and attitudes, however, view it as a sin. The Church is in conflict with natures ideas here that these acts are a vital part of life and therefore later outcasts Tess the slogans painted on the fences around Marlott such as the beginning of thou shalt not commit adultery emphasise this in our minds. Alecs attitude towar ds Tess by and by, when she leaves, suggest that he feels that it was Tess fault, for being so beautiful and irresistible to him in reality, that is the fault of nature.Once she has left Alecs house, Tess feels she has discovered the true meaning of nature to her the serpent hisses where the sweet razzing sings. This phallic imagery shares a link to Troys sword in Far From the Madding Crowd, another popular book by Thomas bald- go about for them both, nature leads them to men, men lead to their heartaches. To Tess, nature has exposed its dark underbelly and she feels robbed of natural beauty what has happened to her, however, is a natural act, but in the eyes of man and the church, it is an unforgivable sin.This is empahasised in She had been made to break an accepted social law, but no law known to the environmet in which she fancied herself such an anomaly. When we meet Tess again, after a period of time has passed, we see her working in the local fields. The women working ar e described as assimilated with the fields nature wishes to protect them. However, when Tess works, she bleeds from the chaff on the corn nature appears to be punishing her, or she punishes herself by working herself too hard. It is then revealed that Tess has a newborn baby, which is widely regarded as the superlative gift Nature offers.For Tess, and for man, however, this separates her from them she has sinned in their eyes she still cannot resist pull of motherhood though, and her feelings for her baby are mixed and confused. Once she has decided she loves her child, nature takes it back when it dies from illness. The Church adds suffering for Tess when they refuse to bury it on concecrated ground nature and the Church work together to upset Tess. Nature, at least, takes it from its suffering that it would have faced from mankind the baby would never have been properly accepted.When Tess goes to work in Richard Cricks dairy, we see the idyllic side of nature once more. Here, nature mirrors Tess feelings and attitude there is a change in the quality of air from heavy to light, and we feel that the nature in the Valley of Great Dairies is far lighter and carefree for Tess it will become her salvation for a time being, as nobody knows of her past here. She feels a connection with nature, and we have a signified that Tess is natures child she belongs to it far more than she does to mans Church.Nature saves her from herself, and the hard work with nature grants her peace. It also serves as an escape from Church, and has given her this opportunity either as an apology or to set her up for more heartache. At the dairy, she is reunited with Angel Clare, a figure we havent seen since the opening chapters of the book. His description as a figure rising out of the past and a mobility of mouth with an incidentally firm close of the lower lip gives us an idea of his character nature has given him a look with compliments his personality.His mouth gives an indic ation that, although he is open to ideas, he can be unexpectedly firm in his ideals, a slightly chilling prediction of the events to come. Tess mouth, by contrast, is described firstly as a mobile peony mouth like her, it is full and beautiful, and also everchanging. Nature presents Tess to Angel as a fresh and virginal daughter of Nature -although her past contradicts this ideal, Angel regards her image as perfect in every way. Nature could be seen as tricking him or trying to make amends and improve Tess life.However, with the latter, the Church seems to oppose these ideas, and this is the cause of her heartache mans inability to work with nature. In the romance of Angel Clare and Tess, nature tries to help them come together, with romantic settings such as a violet and pick apart dawn. There is the incident with the butter tasting like garlic, forcing Angel and Tess to work together on the mead, and the butter not churning properly (which, according to the dairyman, happens onl y when love is affecting it, although the story he tells is far more similar to that of Tess and Alec than that of Tess and Angel.)There is, too, the rising rain before church that seems to force them to come together, and although Angel has to carry Three Leahs to get one Rachel, he feels as though the trial was worth it for a moment with Tess. However, when they finally embrace turn Tess is milking, the cow reacts unfavourably perhaps nature has realised what the consequences of its actions may be and is therefore trying to stop the romance. In this way, nature still tries to look out for Tess it is very much a mother figure to her.

Pharmacy School Personal Statement Essay

As one of the aspiring pharmacists in the country, my personal and career finale is to be in line with the top-rated practitioners in apothecarys shop. Hence, it has always been my dream to serve the public, most specially those who are sick and in need of appropriate pharmaceutical assistance. I am aware of the fact that this career demands more of my time because serving these people matters the most. As such, I can say that the work surround in this occupation would never be easy. Moreover, as a postulant in this line of work, I hold on to my oath by rendering prime(a) services for those people who require pharmaceutical aid.As one of the aspiring professionals in pharmacy, I am hygienic guided by my mission and bank to render my quality service for the patients and for this profession. Likewise, assisting people with their pharmaceutical requirements in the most effectual way is one of the most efficient sources of motivation in military operation of my duties and respon sibilities as medical personnel. Certainly, witnessing people and patients receive the ample service they deserve serves as my primary source of inspiration to move forward and feel plausive in this field.Ever since I was young, my dream of being a pharmacist in the future is clearly evident as I usually hear of this dream every time my mother gave me medicine to take when I am sick and eventually I would feel a lot meliorate after being administered with the correct type and dosage. Since then, the question of how such specific medicine could work in the human body to cure diseases and other wellness problems had guided me to find out more about pharmacy. In addition to this, I just attended a program in University of Texas at Arlington and authorized quality training that would definitely be helpful for me.Apart from this, my enthusiasm in pharmacy is already evident during my younger days as I have broad interest in science. As such, I have been through different formal cours es about science in order to meliorate my medical capabilities and broaden my knowledge, skills, and abilities, which could definitely help me in the achievement of my goal in the field of pharmacy. Particularly, I would state that I am ready to abide the rigorous training under the doctoral degree program in pharmacy in consideration of my work ethics and actual hours of rendering pharmaceutical services.Thus, I acquired useful and relevant experiences in pharmacy through my former training where I worked as a pharmacy technician. Thus, through these experiences I acquire how to work closely with my colleague in achieving a unified goal in pharmacy. Nonetheless, this actual work had taught me how to get along with the patients that I consider a key factor to achieve success in the work place. As I undergo a series of actual pharmaceutical practices, it is perceived that these operable experiences have taught me meaningful insights for this specific line of work.Apart from being well-equipped with formal academic knowledge in pharmacy, being into various actual pharmaceutical practices has helped me well in up(a) and developing my sense of responsibility and enthusiasm as a pharmacist. Hence, this opportunity to work as a pharmacy technician had given me the fate to experienced valuable actual practices that would be advantageous for me when the time comes that I apply for doctoral degree program in pharmacy. In addition to this, get involved in various civic activities that has the goal of helping other people enables me to combine work, passion, and volunteerism.Nonetheless, I am given the sense of pride and price through these activities. In the end, in able to achieve this specific goal of mine, I accept the fact that I have to undergone formal doctoral pharmacy degree. Certainly, I truly believe that through this higher level of learning, I would be able to acquire necessary knowledge that could help me in improving and developing positive characte ristics in order to become an outstanding and well-rounded pharmacist. Nonetheless, I hereby submit myself to receive the needed degree in pharmacy in aid of my pursuance to my career and personal goal.

Air France Internet Marketing

aerate Frances Case You adjudge just been hired by Rob Griffin to help him better understand the effectiveness of product line Frances online sponsored search efforts. He has requested answers to the fol measlying skepticisms 1. Please calculate the effectiveness of each of mail Frances marketplaceing head for the hillss across the 7 distinct publishers categories (3 points). Publishers Avg. Cost per clicks Tot. Clicks Media Costs Tot. Bookings Tot. R eveningue Net Revenue Net Rev per Cost Avg. of Sales per Click % Avg. of Trans. Conv. % Yahoo-US 2 45,598 $46,198 662 $882,289 $836,091 18 1. 5% 183% MSN-Global 2. 15 11,217 $12,160 129 $145,524 $133,364 11 1. 15% 113% MSN-US 2. 87 10,808 $16,098 140 $181,550 $165,451 10 1. 30% 73% Google-Global 2. 22 72,895 $120,947 797 $929,550 $808,603 7 1. 09% 43% Google-US 2. 38 192,109 $353,641 1,550 $1,745,482 $1,391,841 4 0. 81% 41%Overture-Global 0. 8 60,899 $64,296 372 $430,085 $365,789 6 0. 61% 24% Overture-US 0. 76 119,3 23 $141,976 289 $347,433 $205,457 1 0. 24% 9% Grand Total 1. 9 512,849 $755,316 3,939 $4,661,913 $3,906,597 5 0. 77% 57% Based on the data above, we can see that a. Yahoo-US leads for the most effective marketing campaign among 7 publishers based on the total net taxation per cost, Yahoo-US got the biggest value, 18, it means that every $1 that fashion France spent they will receive $18 from their investment. The average of transaction conversion and average of sales per click of Yahoo-US also leads amongst the other publishers. b. Google-US got the biggest of total net revenue from the marketing campaign, almost US$1. million, and also had the biggest total meshing number.But our opinion is, Google US did not do the marketing very effective, the money for the media be that they spent argon the biggest amongst the other publishers, and the total net revenue per cost ratio is unless 4. c. Overture-US is the most ineffective in doing Air France marketing campaign, even tho ugh the average costs per click of Overture-US is the lowest, but the total clicks is the highest, it ranked the second highest amongst the other publishers, so it makes media cost of Overture-US igh and the total booking from the clicks is not in a good value, so we think that Overture-US have to improve their its campaign of Air France. 2. Should Media Contacts recommend the same exact strategy for Air France across wholly search engine publishers? Or would it be to a greater extent effective to tailor each publisher strategy to maximize ROI (Please provide support for your answer) (3 points) . From our analysis with the data provided by DoubleClick. Inc. , publishers have their own strong point to counsel on in order to maximize their net revenue and tailor strategy for each publisher will be the best option.Below, we will explain publishers performance in term of the following points * Campaign All of the publishers induce lot of revenues from their Air France Branded campai gn with modest click charges on average of $1. 82 and maximum clicks of 106,153 from Google-US, while employment Class campaign is not reall(a)y productive to gain revenue as publishers lose money on this campaign. Click charges for Business Class campaign is ranged between $3. 76 (Yahoo-US) and $5. 39 (MSN-US) per click. Geo Targeted local search campaign has potential in using Google-US redevelopment.For example, In New York City, Google-US can get total of 3,167 clicks with 1. 39% transaction conversion rate. equalize with Paris & France Term campaign, it only gets 0. 35% transaction conversion rate with 29,039 clicks. In Contrast, Yahoo revenue for its Geo Target campaign is very low and loses money in 10 out of 13 cities in US. * Keyword Keywords that consist of Air France word be convincingly gaining more revenues than other keywords across all publishers. Google-US earns from the Air France brand, but losing money on bidding European cities keyword like Lyon, Bordeaux, andRome.The use of explicate keywords also contributes to number of bookings like the pronounce DC to France Sale which have the highest conversion rate comp ar to others. Different with Google, Yahoo has moderately earned more income from the words of city such as Florence, Paris and Rome. This may be resulted from the difference search methods that Yahoo mainly localisees on web contents keywords. Overture more likely to gain revenue in words that relate with cities in eastern part of Europe like Athens, Tunis, Amman. Overture loses money on broad unspecific words.Thus, Overture should focus on the exact keywords which have connection with flight and travel to eastern part of Europe. MSN-US and MSN-Global costs mainly derived from phrase keywords except Air France Brand keywords. For example, phrase keyword of travel to France sustains moderate number of 346 clicks, but none of the clicks succeed in sales conversion. Another example is flights to Paris, other publishers succe ed in booking of positive net revenue with the keywords, while MSN-US and MSN-Global lose money. * Broad and focus keyword Broad keyword usually gains many clicks from the campaigns.By analyzing publishers performance data, we concluded that Yahoo-US, Overture-Global, MSN-US and MSN-Global are publishers that have power in broad campaign keywords. Number of clicks for broad keywords represents minimum 90% of total clicks and generates higher transaction conversion rate than focus keywords. Google-US and Google-Global also have a huge clicks gained from broad keyword campaigns on the average of 74% and gain more revenues than focus keywords, but the transaction conversion rate is lower than that of their campaign have.Although broad keywords gain many clicks for its ads, it doesnt guarantee the development of sales. 3. Based on your analyses, who do you feel are the most appropriate target customers upon whom Air France should focus their acquisition efforts (again, please provide clear justification for your answer) (2 points) Due to several reason related to market modification and AirFrance partnership, we can support that Business customer segment would be the most important target market.Indeed, because of the development of new low fare companies, the value proposition among the competition changed and gave another tenderize to the consumers. Ryanair by providing cheap price ticket attracted an important part of the price sensitive customers who use to travel with previous oligopolistic offer with higher price. The business customers are less sensitive to the price, because of less changing (except in case of travelling budget restriction), contracts and promotion with big companies. Ryanair, Irish company, was focused on intern European flight, taking care of 26 different destinations.According to Exhibit1, AirFrance first market was Europe thenit was followed by the North American Market. The mix of price sensitive loss market and intern European mar ket loss pushed AirFrance to work more on its flight between Europe and other continent (Transcontinental flights). International and Transcontinental travelers are highly interesting target market. Therefore it is also important to specify this segment. Indeed, it should be the higher class, service and security sensitive customers.AirFrance provides a premium service compared to the competition. Based on our analysis, there is no or few people outside of USA (Google Global Europe, Asia, Africa) making AirFrance generating net income for European keywords (Greece, Florence, Paris). The American providers, Yahoo-US and Google-US, are the biggest revenue generator compared to Global (Yahoo-Global and Google-Global), by the same time Appendix 1 shows that American customers are not price sensitive and will generate less bring ins for cheap keywords.The partnership with LAvion for business travelers between Paris and Newark (NewYork) was a logical result of the AirFrance marketing sit uation. Through customer base, AirFrance kept a stable business customer amount and lost a significant part of its price sensitive customers who finally shifted to other low-fareairlines. Appendix 1 Publisher Name Avg. Cost per clicks2 Tot. Clicks Media Costs Tot. Bookings Tot. Revenue Tot. Net Revenue Tot. Net Rev per Cost Google US $2. 45 10479 $24,104. 59 33 $25,287 $1,182. 06 0 Google Global $2. 43 3465 $7,052. 0 20 $19,180 $12,127. 35 2 Overture Global $0. 72 1892 $1,538. 15 10 $15,207 $13,669. 20 9 Yahoo US $2. 33 1474 $3,786. 91 7 $7,057 $3,269. 79 1 Overture US $0. 78 6883 $6,774. 70 9 $10,230 $3,455. 05 1 MSN Global $3. 46 50 $174. 87 0 $0 -$174. 87 (1) MSN US $4. 25 77 $252. 69 0 $0 -$252. 69 (1) Grand Total $2. 09 24320 $43,684. 81 79 $76,961 $33,275. 89 1 4. Based on your answer to Question 3, what B2B acquisition partners would your team recommend that Air France consider? 2 points) Based on our group analysis there are 3 types of B2B acqu isition partners that Air France should consider doing partnership with which are Yahoo-US, LAvion. First partner, Yahoo-US, based on our group analysis from question 1 out result shows that Yahoo-US has the highest return on investment (ROI), the lowest cost per click and the lowest cost per booking. This is a good choice for Air France to engage in partnership in order to get the best ROI while at the same time minimize their costs in ads.Not only that Air France can get a lot of ROI back but they also have a high possibility in getting more sales from the click of users. Therefore our group recommended Yahoo-US for Air France to consider. Second partner, LAvion, as of our target customer from question number three our group focus on business travelers. LAvion only provides business-class service between Paris International Airport and Newark International Airport. This can be link to with Ryanair partnership because as our group mentions before that Ryanair has not yet a flight t o USA where Air France is offering this route.By partnering with each other, both Air France and Ryanair can enjoy their profit from these group of business travelers which Ryanair already have a lot of loyalty customer with them. For example, if the customer from Ryanair wants to fly to United State they can use Air France service where profits can be shared between these two Airlines. Therefore, as our group has mention above, we believed that by partnership with these B2B business would eventually increase benefit and contributes to gain good market growth with good profit toward Air France and its partnership companies.

Wksht Chapter 3 Developing Service Concepts – Core and Supplementary Element

Developing redevelopment Concepts Core and Supplementary Element Overview of Chapter 3 * formulation and Creating work * The florescence of function * Planning and stigmatisation profit results * Development of New armed function I.Planning and Creating Services * A serve up proceeds comprises all elements of operate performance, both tangible and intangible, that produce value for customers * The receipts concept is represented by * A ________________ * Accompanied by ________________ ________________ Core Products and Supplementary Services * In mature industries, marrow squash harvest-homes often become commodities * Supplementary serve help to differentiate plaza products and create competitive advantage by * Facilitating use of spirit product (a redevelopment or a good) * Enhancing the value and appeal of the meat product Augmenting the Core Product (Fig 3. 1) * Are secondary run needed to comfort use of core product or simply to add extra appeal? * Shoul d customers be charged separately for each service element? * Or should all elements be bundled at a single price? Designing a Service Concept * ________________ * Central component that supplies the principal, problem-solving benefits customers seek * ________________ * Augment the core product, facilitating its use and enhancing its value and appeal * ________________ * Used to deliver both the core product and each of the subsidiary function Documenting Delivery Sequence Over sequence * Must address sequence in which customers will use each core and supplementary service * Determine approximate length of time needed for each step * Customers may budget a specific amount of time for an activity * Information should reflect good understanding of customers, especially their * ________________ * ________________ * ________________ * doubt Do customers judgeations change during service delivery in light of perceived quality of each sequential encounter? What Happens, When, in What Sequence? Time mark in Augmented Product (Fig 3. 3) Core and Supplementary Services at Luxury Hotel (Offering Much More than Cheap Motel ) flowcharting Service Delivery Helps to Clarify Product Elements * Offers way to understand totality of customers service experience * Useful for distinguishing between core product itself and service elements that supplement core * Restaurants solid food and beverage (core) * Reservations (supplementary services) * Shows how nature of customer involvement with service organizations varies by type of service * mass bear on * Possession touch oning * Mental Stimulus processing * Information processing Defining Core and Supplementary Elements of Our Service Product * How is our core product delimitate and what supplementary elements augment it? * What product benefits create nearly value for customers? * Is our service package differentiated from competition in meaningful ways for target customers? * What are current levels of service on core product and each supplementary element? * Can we charge more for higher service levels?For example * Faster response and execution * Better physical conveniences * Easier access * Higher staffing levels * Superior caliber personnel * Alternatively, should we cut service levels and charge less? Simple Flowchart for Delivery of a ________________-Processing Service (Fig 3. 4) People Processing Stay at Motel Park Car Check In Spend Night in Room breakfast Check Out Breakfast Prepared Maid Makes up Room Simple Flowchart for Delivery of a ________________-Processing Service (Fig 3. 4) Simple Flowchart for Delivery of ________________-Processing Service (Fig 3. 4) Simple Flowchart for Delivery of ________________-Processing Service (Fig 3. 4) II. The Flower of Service (Fig 3. ) How to Determine What Supplementary Services Should Be Offered * Not every core product is surrounded by supplementary elements from all eight clusters * Nature of product helps to determine * Which supplementary services must be offered * Which might usefully be added to enhance value and lighten of doing business with the organization* People-processing and high-contact services tend to have more supplementary services * Market positioning strategy helps to determine which supplementary services should be included * Firms that offer different levels of service often add extra supplementary services for each upgrade in service level Facilitating Services_______________ Customers often require information about how to obtain and use a product or service. Examples of elements * Directions to service site * Schedule/service hours * Prices * Conditions of sale * usance instructions Facilitating Services_______________ Customers need to know what is available and may want to secure commitment to delivery. The process should be fast and smooth. Examples of elements * Applications * Order entry * Reservations and check in Facilitating Services_______________ How much do I owe you ? Bills should be clear, Accurate, and intelligible.Examples of elements * Periodic statements of account activity * Machine display of amount due Facilitating Services_______________ Customers may pay faster and more cheerfully if youmake transactions simple and convenient for them. Examples of elements * Self service payment * Direct to payee or intermediary Automatic demonstration Enhancing Services_______________ Value can be added to goods and services by offering advice and consultation tailored to each customers needs and situation. Examples of elements * Customized advice * Personal centering * Management consulting Enhancing Services_______________ Customers who invest time and effort in visiting business and using its services deserve to be treated as delightful guests after all, marketing invited them Examples of elements * Greeting * Waiting facilities and amenities * Food and beverages * Toilets and washrooms * Security Enhancing Services_______________ Customers pr efer not to worry about looking after the personalized possessions that they bring with them to a service site. Examples of elements * Looking after possessions customers bring with them * Caring for goods purchased (or rented) by customers Enhancing ServicesEXCEPTIONS Customers appreciate some flexibility when they make special requests and expect responsiveness when things dont go according to plan.Examples of elements * Special requests in advance * Complaints or compliments * Problem solving * Restitution Managerial Implications (To bugger off product policy and pricing strategy) * Managers need to determine * Which supplementary services should be offered as a standard package accompanying the core * Which supplementary elements could be offered as options for an extra charge * In general, potents that compete on a low-cost, no-frills basis needs fewer supplementary elements than those marketing expensive, high-value-added services * Each flower petal must receive consistent care and concern to remain fresh and appealing III. Planning and Branding Service ProductsService Products * A product implies a defined and consistent _____________________ and also ability of potent to differentiate its bundle of output from competitors * Service firms can differentiate their products in similar fashion to various models offered by manufacturers * Providers of more intangible services also offer a _______________ of products * Represent an assembly of elements that are built rough the core product * May include certain value-added supplementary services Product Lines and Brands * Most service organizations offer a line of products rather than fitting a single product * They may choose among three broad alternatives * Single punctuate to c everywhere all products and services * A separate, stand-alone brand for each offering * Some combination of these 2 extremes Spectrum of Branding Alternatives (Fig 3. 8) * brand House Sub brands Endorsed Brands House o fBrands Offering a Branded Experience (1) * Branding can be employed at both _______________ and _______________ levels * _______________ brand * Easily recognized * Holds meaning to customers * Stands for a particular way of doing business * _______________ brand * Helps firm communicate distinctive experiences and benefits associated with a specific service concept * Moving toward branded customer experience includes * Create brand portend * Shape actually differentiated customer experience * Give employees skills, tools, and supporting processes to deliver promise * Measure and monitor Offering a Branded Experience (2) The brand promise or value proposition is not a tag line, an icon, or a color or a graphic element, although all of these may contribute.It is, instead, the brass and soul of the brand. Don Schultz IV. Developing New Services A Hierarchy of New Service Categories (1) 1. Major service innovations * New core products for antecedently undefined markets 2. Major p rocess innovations * Using unused processes to deliver existing products with added benefits 3. Product-line extensions * Additions to current product lines 4. Process-line extensions * Alternative delivery procedures 5. Supplementary service innovations * Addition of sassy-sprung(prenominal) or improved facilitating or enhancing elements 6. Service improvements * Modest changes in the performance of current products 7. way changes * Visible changes in service design or scripts Reengineering Service Processes * Service processes affect not only customers, but also cost, speed, and productivity with which desired outcome is achieved * _______________ involves analyzing and redesigning processes to achieve faster and better performance * Running tasks in tally instead of sequence can reduce/eliminate dead time * Examination of processes can lead to creation of alternative delivery methods that constitute invigorated service concepts * Add/eliminate supplementary services * Resequ ence delivery of service elements * Offer self-service ptions Physical untroubleds as a Source Of New Service Ideas * Services can be built around rentals Alternatives to owning a physical good and/or doing work oneself * Customers can rent goodsuse and return for a feeinstead of purchasing them * Customers can hire personnel to operate own or rented equipment* Any new durable good may create need for after-sales services now and in futurepossession processing * Shipping * Installation * Problem-solving and consulting advice * Cleaning and maintenance * Upgrades * Removal and disposal Creating Services as Substitutes for Owning and/or Using Goods (Fig 3. 10) Achieving Success in Developing New Services * Services are not immune to high failure rates that abuse new manufactured products * dot. com companies * In developing new services * Core product is of secondary importance * Ability to maintain quality of the total service offering is key * Accompanying marketing support activ ities are vital * Market knowledge is of utmost importance Success Factors inNew Service Development * _______________ * Good fit between new product and firms image/re ancestrys * Advantage versus competition in meeting customers needs * Strong support from firm during/after launch * Firm understands customer purchase decision behavior * _______________ factors * Strong interfunctional cooperation and coordination * Internal marketing to educate staff on new product and its competition * Employees understand importance of new services to firm * _______________ factors * Scientific studies conducted early in development process * Product concept well defined before undertaking field studies Summary of Chapter 3 Developing Service Concepts (1) * Planning and creating services involve * Augmenting core product * Designing core product, supplementary services, and delivery process * Documenting delivery sequence over time with flowcharts * Gaining insights from flowcharting* Flower of service includes core product and two types of supplementary ervices facilitating and enhancing * Facilitating services include information, put together taking, billing, and payment * Enhancing services include consultation, hospitality, safekeeping, and exceptions * Spectrum of mark alternatives exists for services * Branded house * Sub-brands * Endorsed brands * House of brands * Seven categories of new services * Major service innovations * Major process innovations * Product-line extensions * Process-line extensions * Supplementary service innovations * Service improvements * Style changes * To develop new services, we can * Reengineer service processes * Use physical goods as a source of new service ideas * Use research to design new services * earn success in developing new servicesSummary of Chapter 3 Developing Service Concepts * Planning and creating services involve * Augmenting core product * Designing core product, supplementary services, and delivery process * Docum enting delivery sequence over time with flowcharts * Gaining insights from flowcharting * Flower of service includes core product and two types of supplementary services facilitating and enhancing * Facilitating services include information, order taking, billing, and payment * Enhancing services include consultation, hospitality, safekeeping, and exceptions * Spectrum of branding alternatives exists for services * Branded house * Sub-brands * Endorsed brands * House of brands * Seven categories of new services * Major service innovations * Major process innovations * Product-line extensions * Process-line extensions * Supplementary service innovations * Service improvements * Style changes * To develop new services, we can * Reengineer service processes * Use physical goods as a source of new service ideas * Use research to design new services * Achieve success in developing new services Summary of Chapter3 Developing Service Concepts * Planning and creating services involve * Augm enting core product * Designing core product, supplementary services, and delivery process * Documenting delivery sequence over time with flowcharts * Gaining insights from flowcharting * Flower of service includes core product and two types of supplementary services acilitating and enhancing * Facilitating services include information, order taking, billing, and payment * Enhancing services include consultation, hospitality, safekeeping, and exceptions * Spectrum of branding alternatives exists for services * Branded house * Sub-brands * Endorsed brands * House of brands * Seven categories of new services * Major service innovations * Major process innovations * Product-line extensions * Process-line extensions * Supplementary service innovations * Service improvements * Style changes * To develop new services, we can * Reengineer service processes * Use physical goods as a source of new service ideas* Use research to design new services * Achieve success in developing new services Summary of Chapter 3 Developing Service Concepts * Planning and creating services involve * Augmenting core product * Designing core product, supplementary services, and delivery process * Documenting delivery sequence over time with flowcharts * Gaining insights from flowcharting * Flower of service includes core product and two types of supplementary services facilitating and enhancing * Facilitating services include information, order taking, billing, and payment * Enhancing services include consultation, hospitality, safekeeping, and exceptions * Spectrum of branding alternatives exists for services * Branded house * Sub-brands * Endorsed brands * House of brands * Seven categories of new services * Major service innovations * Major process innovations * Product-line extensions * Process-line extensions * Supplementary service innovations * Service improvements * Style changes * To develop new services, we can * Reengineer service processes * Use physical goods as a source of n ew service ideas * Use research to design new services* Achieve success in developing new services Summary of Chapter 3 Developing Service Concepts * Planning and creating services involve * Augmenting core product * Designing core product, supplementary services, and delivery process * Documenting delivery sequence over time with flowcharts * Gaining insights from flowcharting * Flower of service includes core product and two types of supplementary services facilitating and enhancing * Facilitating services include information, rder taking, billing, and payment * Enhancing services include consultation, hospitality, safekeeping, and exceptions * Spectrum of branding alternatives exists for services * Branded house * Sub-brands * Endorsed brands * House of brands * Seven categories of new services * Major service innovations * Major process innovations * Product-line extensions * Process-line extensions * Supplementary service innovations * Service improvements * Style changes * To develop new services, we can * Reengineer service processes * Use physical goods as a source of new service ideas * Use research to design new services * Achieve success in developing new services

Most Important Person in Your Life

One person in my life that influences me the virtually would be my mother. My mom is by far the strongest person I know and she has gone through much struggles than any person should have to. She had to raise me on her own while facing many wellness issues and did whatever she had to do to give me what I needed. While I was growing up, she did not get to elapse as much time with me as she would like because she worked a lot to take care of the bills and she was very much in the hospital sick. We also moved around a lot until I was ab divulge 12, and then we finally owned our first house and stated to spend more time together.Things started to improve from here, until my granddaddy passed away. This affected my mom and I greatly, but especially my mom. She started to become more distant and she stopped operative for a while. I tried to make her smile and get back the close relationship we had. after a a couple of(prenominal) months things went back to normal, she was back to t he fun, loving woman I knew. Over the last few years my mom has grown to be my outperform friend, we do everything together, but her health has also been increasingly getting worse.Even though she is invariably sick, she does whatever she can to make me happy. Although I do not always appreciate it, my mom has made many sacrifices for me and has taught me many life lessons. I have learned to be responsible, caring, ambitious, confident, and most importantly strong. She has influenced me to become a better person and to always make the most out of what I have. Because of her I know that I can achieve great things and she has inspired me to be the best person I can be.

Ambugity and Clarity in Writing

I chose example 2 which stated I was thrown from my transport as it left the road. I was later found in a ditch by a flock of wild turkeys. This disceptation in my opinion is an example of vagueness. The vagueness comes from the statement that is very unclear. I am having a hard time insureing how this person was thrown from their truck. It is missing information and is hard to follow. This statement entirelyows me to know that the person was thrown from a truck but we do not know how or how they were found by a ditch of flock.This could bind been by a car accident or by someone who could have literally threw this person out of the truck. This type of vagueness throws the reader off because they be unclear of what is really going on in the writing, it becomes a problem when you are trying to understand reasoning behind this statement. The second sample writing I chose was The online course helps me in a consider of ways. I can use all kinds of resources. The send off in the library offer tutorials in all different areas, Microsoft Word, Excel and other tutorials.Also, there is services, that offers technical support, tutoring, library help, and then there are financial aid and academic advising. The library section offers help in finding books, journal articles and more. There is eve places in math, writing and technical. This statement is ambiguous because it is open to more than one interpretation. This can be language on behalf one online course or the school of online courses. Also when they mentioned that the library offers all types of resources it does not show which library and where this library can be found. It could be found online or it could be a place where you have to go.When you write a statement it needs to be clearly understood and it should not have your reader trying to understand the statement you are trying to put across. In this example the source would get that the writer likes online courses but in the supporting sentence s it just goes into stating help from the library and is somewhat confusing. The human relationship between critical thinking and clear writing is that they both work together. You have to critically think to clear write. When you are jotting things down your brain is working to come up with these unique thoughts which is critically thinking. They go hand in hand.

Stereotypes of Mexicans and Illegal Immigrants

Stereotypes of Mexicans and Illegal Immigrants All Mexicans are landscapers or reflexion workers and all Mexican women are housekeepers and maids. T here(predicate) are lots of different stereotypes associated with Mexicans. These stereotypes originated when Mexicans began to contrabandly cross the demonstrate from Mexico into the United States. Mexicans wanted to come to this country and live the American Dream. Unfortunately when they arrived here they build it nearly impossible to find a high paying, steady job because no company would direct an illegal immigrant which led them to work into manual labor.Since the majority of Mexicans coming to the United States at that time were illegal immigrants working in manual labor, this is where the stereotype that all Mexicans are landscapers or construction workers came from. Also, that all Mexican women are housekeepers and maids. I was born here in the United States, however my mom is from Guatemala and my pop music is from Mexico . hear these kinds of stereotypes can be offensive and roundtimes even hurtful to me coming from a Mexican background.Years ago my parents had illegally crossed the border from Mexico into the United States by trying to escape from all of the drug trafficking and stately living conditions that were going on in their countries. It wasnt easy for them to find a job here since hardly any company would hire an illegal immigrant. After a long time of searching, my dad finally found a job working as a painter at some fancy apartments, and my mom as a housekeeper. Both my parents work hard for what little they earn. Sadly incomplete of them finished graduating high school due to lack of money.Now it is up to me to make a difference and be the first in my familys generation to graduate high school and college and live a palmy life. I think society has taken a major downturn because of the way stereotypes affect mickle and how people react to being grouped into one stereotype or anoth er. Today we are truly quick to judge others after we find out where they are from, what race they are or how much(prenominal) money they have. I believe this society needs to work on stopping that habit sooner it goes any further and gets worse.

Human Resource Management †Recruitment and Selection Essay

1. A report distinguishing mingled with traditional soulnel de development management and the brand- untested approach to human resource management, out(a)lining their historical development.2. The Human mental imagery department in TD trigger Group. Its role and purpose in the organization.Task 21. An analysis of the objectives and the act of human resource planning.2. An evaluation of the regular approach to enlisting for NIS atomic procedure 63.3. An investigation of the survival of the fit intest procedures procedured for NIS europium and TD Travel Group.3. Evaluation and Conclusion4. BibliographyTask 1TASK 2AN ANALYSIS OF THE OBJECTIVES AND THE PROCESS OF gracious RESOURCE PLANNING.Human resource planning is the task of assessing and anticipating the skill, knowledge and push time solicitments of the physical composition and initiating effect to fulfill those requirements.Human resource planning involves a strategy for the* Recruitment* Retention* Utilisation * Improvement, and* tendencyof the human resources of a business. It regards to look at the following factors* What ar the skills and abilities of the current campaignforce?* What skills and abilities the physical composition postulate in the future?* Where throne the organisation find its future supply of motor?* What ar the future objectives of the business likely to be?* How leave behind the business manage and obtain its human resources to neat these objectives?In order to plan Human preferences effectively a business has to undertake considerable research. here(predicate) is a table showing the things companies have consider when planning human resourcesWhat is happening now?* Organisational Objectives* synopsis of round numbers and age* Wage pass judgment* Work loads* Key skills* Labour over knock over* Ab directeeismWhat do we expect to happen to the demand for products / services and at that placefore labour?* Changing technology* gross sales auspicates* Market research* New product development* Managerial skills* Wage Rates* Union AgreementsWhat do we expect labour supply to be like in the future?* local un piece of work / employment trends* Local skills and avail susceptibility* Demographic changes* Legislation* Government training schemes* Quality of local education, housing and transport* competitor for overworkersAll these issues raise questions, which the human resource plan should cover. The plan should include* Organisation development* readiness and management development* Recruitment, redundancy and redeployment* Appraisal and stock evaluation* Promotion prospectsHuman Resource proposalning (HRM) is a form of risk management. It involves realistically appraising the present and anticipating the future (as far as possible) in order to get the right people into the right put-ons at the right time.This whitethorn front simple at outset, short of cater hire some new ply, too m both staff clear up redundancies. Un fortunately its not that simple any more than and that is why human resource planning is needed.why Human Resource Planning is necessaryIt is increasingly important to look beyond the present and short- end point future to be able to prep are for contingencies. This impart help to exercise control over as many variables as possible, which influence the victory and failure of a business.For shell, for highly skilled or specialised argumentations, it will be more difficult to find replacement staff with the right skills quickly, then the need for new staff will have to be anticipated in advance to give abounding time for extra training to be given without release the company short staffed and unavailing to supply an efficient service. For good example, in the travel industry, reservation staff need to be fully trained on the computer reservation system (CRS) and have a full understandstilling of fares and ticketing, another(prenominal)wise there would be a minimum of a six month training diaphragm, which would leave the business vulnerable and unable to take into account good quality serviceRedundancies are not as easy to make anymore. It is a ofttimes slower more addressly experience, not only in pecuniary terms but also in acquittance of reputation as a secure employer. This in itself may make it harder to recruit labour when required.Rapid technological change is leading to a requirement for manpower, which is both more highly skilled and adaptable. Labour flexibility is a major issue, which path that the career and retraining potential drop of staff are at least as important as their actual qualifications and skills. They must be assessed in advance of requirements. In the plectrum influence trainability is i of the most popular innovations of the HRM era of personnel management.The UK still suffers from particular skill shortages, despite high unemployment levels, for example nurses at Macclesfield Hospital, 20 nurses from the Philip pines have had to be employed, as there was a shortage of suitably skilled staff in the UK.The scope and sort of markets, competition and labour resources are continually additiond by political and economic moves such(prenominal) as the unification of Germany, the opening of Eastern europium and continuing progress towards atomic number 63an Union.Computer technology has do available techniques which facilitate the monitoring and planning of manpower over fairly long time spans employment of manpower statistics, trend analysis, modeling and so on.THE PROCESS OF HRPthither are three main factors in HRP* Forecasting Demand* Forecasting Supply* Closing the gap between demand and supplyFORCASTING assumeThe Demand for labour must be forecast by considering several factorsThe objectives of an organisation Organisations will earthyly devise a strategic plan, which will set out its objectives. This will be the responsibility of the directors who will devise their plan after discuss ion with the most senior handlers. In some cases the directors of companies may locate to change the strategy of the business completely. This could involve getting rid of the senior managers and replacing them with a new managerial team, which can put the new strategy into place more efficiently. This happened both at British Airways and at Tescos where it was decided that a complete change of image was needed to improve profits. almost of the top management were replaced and in both cases the strategy was no-hit. This sort of strategy will obviously appropriate the demand for labour in general and / or for particular skills.Manpower utilisation how much labour will be required given the expected productivity or work rate of unlike types of employees and the expected volume of business activity. Productivity will depend on capital expenditure, technology, work organisation, employee penury and skills, negotiated productivity deals and many other factors.The terms of Labour including overtime, training and other incentives, and therefore what financial constraints there are on the organisations manpower levels.Environmental factors trends in technology and markets that will require organisational change, because of threats or opportunities. The recession in the 90s created conditions in which expectations of labour demand in the short term were low downsizing of staffs and delayering of organisation structures were the trend.FORCASTING SUPPLYThe available supply of labour will be forecast by considering the following factors* The skill base, potential trainability and current and potential productivity level of the existing men* The structure of the existing work force e.g. age distribution, skills, hours of work, rates of pay etcThe likelihood of changes to the productivity, size and structure of the workforce, caused by, wastage ( swage by resignation and retirement), promotions and transfers, absenteeism and other staff movements this will requir e information on* The age structure of staff (forthcoming retirement or family start-up)* Labour turnover for a comparable period* Promotion potential and ambitions of staff opposite causes of changes in productivity are employee trainability and motivation, which may increase productivity and flexibility. Organisational, technological and cultural changes are factors, which may affect employee productivity and loyalty.The present and potential future supplies of skilled labour in the surround that is, the external labour market. The HR planner will have to assess and monitor factors such as* Skill availability, locally, nationally and internationally (e.g. within the EU)* Changes to skill availability due to education and training initiatives (or overlook of these)* Competitor activity which may absorb more or less of the available skill pussycat* Demographic changes areas of population growth and dec pull in, the proportion of younger / older people in the workforce in a parti cular region, the number of women in a workforce etc.* Wage and salary rates in the market for particular jobsCLOSING THE GAP BETWEEN DEMAND AND SUPPLYA insufficiency of labour may be met by* Internal transfers and promotions, training and development* External recruitment or improvement to recruitment methods* Extension of temporary forces, or contracts of those about to retire* Reducing labour turnover by reviewing possible causes (e.g. pay and benefits) and improving induction and socialisation* The use of freelance / temporary / agency staff* The development of flexible running(a) methods and structures* Encouraging overtime working* Productivity bargaining to increase productivity* Automation (increasing productivity, and / or reducing the need for human labour)A surplus of labour may be met by* Running down manning levels by natural / accelerated wastage* Restricting or halt recruitment* Redundancies (voluntary and/or compulsory)* Early retirement incentives* A tougher st ance on discip stock certificate, enabling more dismissals* originate time and short contract working, or job sharing* Eliminating overtime and peripheral workforce groups* redisposition of staff to areas of labour shortage. This may necessitate diversification by the organisation, to find new work for the labour force, and/or plans for multi-skilling, so that the workforce can be flexibly deployed in areas of labour shortage as and when they emerge.There are also external constraints on HR planners when considering any of the above such as, UK economy and EU directives, regulations and court rulings, the employer brand or reputation and other factors must be interpreted into news report when planning to hire, fire or alter working terms and conditions.Labour turnover is the number of employees departure an organisation and being replaced. The rate of turnover is often expressed as the number of people exit as a percentage of the average number of people employed, in a given pe riod of time. The term natural wastage is used to describe a normal flow of people out of an organisation through retirement, career or job change, relocation etc.AN rating OF THE SYSTEMATIC APPROACH TO recruitment AT NIS EUROPE.Recruitment is the mannequin, which immediately precedes selection. Its purpose is to pave the way for selection procedures by producing, ideally the smallest number of candidates who appear to be capable either of performing the required tasks of the job from the outset, or of developing the ability to do so within a period of time acceptable to the employing organisation.The main point that needs to be made about the recruitment task is that the employing organisation should not waste time and funds examining the credentials of the people whose qualifications do not match the requirements of the job. A primary task of the recruitment phase is to help would-be applicants to decide whether they are likely to be adapted to fill the job vacancy. This is clearly in the interest of both the employing organisation and the applicants.The current approach to recruitment within NIS Europe working in six stages. portray One Determining the vacanciesHuman resources would confirm what resources are needed and shape as to whether or not they wanted to fill the vacancy. This very much depends on the aim and objectives of NIS Europe.Stage Two Considering the sources internally and externallyIf appropriate they would noteise the vacancy internally, or depend of possible transfers.HR within NIS always gives this very careful consideration and where possible favours this option first for the following reasons * Existing employees are know to the organisation and are generally familiar with its customs and practices* The cost and time that recruitment, selection and induction procedures consume can be significantly reduced* Internal recruitment may be used as a means of career development, widening opportunities and stimulating motivation a mongst existing employeesIf the vacancy were not filled internally then they would look to external sources. Dependent on the vacancy this would be via cardinal of the two main means * Through employment agencies governmental, institutional and tete-a-tete commercial* Advertisements in news cover and journalsStage Four -Preparing and publishing informationNIS Europe feels that this aspect of the recruitment act requires very special attention and skill. It is their objective to publish information, which fulfils the following conditions* It is succinct and yet gives a schoolwide and accurate description of the job and its requirements* It is likely to attract the attention of the maximum number of potentially equal candidates* It gives a favourable image of the organisation in terms of efficiency and its attitude towards people* It does not contravene employment laws concerning sex and racial discriminationAlong with the submission of curriculum vitae, NIS Europe streamer pr ocedure is for each applicant to submit a NIS Europe application form. This falls in line with equal opportunities and allows NIS to obtain cadence information about the applicant, that on a curriculum vita may be omitted. See appendix for job advert and application form.Stage Five treat and assessing applicationsWhen all the applicants have been discoverd by the due date, the next task is to select those applicants who, on the picture available, appear to be the most suitable as future employees of NIS Europe and therefore, outlay the time and cost of further enquiry in the selection procedures. The screening process is based on the published requirements for the job. It involves a scrupulous poll of the information provided by the applicants, a comparison of this information with the job requirements, and then a final end as to whether to accept or reject the applicant at this stage.Stage Six Notifying applicantsOnce the selection process from the applicants has interpre ted place, the final step is to notify the chosen applicants of the arrangements for the selection procedures, and the rejected applicants that they have not been chosen. The letter to the successful applicants will have full details about the arrangements for the selection procedures, i.e. time and place. NIS Europe ensures that all letters informing applicants of the result of applications are sent as soon as possible.THE EVALUATION OF THE SYSTEMATIC APPROACH FOR NAVIGANT INTEGRATED SERVICES EUROPEBelow is an evaluation of the recruitment procedure for Navigant merged Services (NIS). The aim of this evaluation is to determine whether NIS recruitment procedures succeed in getting a suitable person for the job advertize and at an acceptable cost.The methods for auditing the recruitment process follow these performance indicators follow numbers of applicants receivedDependent on the type of vacancy NIS Europe can expect to receive on average around a dozen applicants for an adve rtised job vacancy. They have recently advertised for an accounts co-ordinator and have received over 30 applicants. They have admitted by not stating the salary this has interested applications, blanket a wide range of experience, or in some cases very little experience.Time taken to locate applicants about vacancies within NIS are usually filled within i month of the advert being placed. apostrophize per applicantNIS calculates 1000.00 per applicant, including the initial training.Time taken to process applicationsNIS normally processes their applications within one week.Number of female / minority/ change applicantsNIS does not meet this indicator. They predominantly employ females they have one minority employee and no disabled employees. When this was discussed with our HR department they hash out this was nothing discriminate. The travel industry is cognise as being a female dominated environment and there have never been any disabled applicants at NIS. If there were any disabled or other minority applicants, they would go through the same process, as other applicants and no preferential treatment would be given.Number of qualified applicants90% of applicants are qualified for the job advertised. NIS biggest employment is of reservation staff for the travel industry. If they obtain a new account they will need to recruit fairly quickly, training is costly and time consuming so it is important that they stipulate qualified applicants only, at the advert stage, which is why they have a good success rate in finding candidates quickly for the vacancy advertised.Number of qualified female/minority/disabled applicantsAbout 70% of our applicants are female and qualified. NIS has very few minority or disabled applicants applying.Cost effectiveness of the recruitment methodsDependent on the type of job will determine where NIS Europe advertises for staff. If they are looking for reservation agents they would normally get in touch with one of the industries r ecruitment agencys. Most staff within the industry registers with the agencies. Many years ago jobs were advertised in industry papers the trend now leans towards recruitment agencies. Dependent on the level of salary the agencies take a percentage. For example on a salary of 17,000 they would take 10% of the gross salary. As the salary increases so does the percentage. Although working with an agency can work out costly, they do have a majority of the qualified personnel on their database and therefore gives NIS access to qualified personnel straight away.Monitoring the make-up of the workforceNIS Europe workforce is split into the following departments and the make up of the workforce is as follows Reservations within the Travel, Hotel & Conference reservations department, NIS employs 60 staff in this department, 10% of the workforce is male, 88.33% are female, none are disabled and only one staff member is a minority employee.* Sales and Marketing NIS employs eight staff in thi s department, 37.5% of the workforce is male and 62.5% are female. None are disabled or minority employees.* Accounts NIS employs four staff in the department, 25% are male and 75% are female. None are disabled or minority employees* HR NIS employs two staff in this department, 100% are female. None are disabled or minority employees.* IT NIS employs five staff in this department, 100% are male. None are disabled or minority employees.* Top line management The top line management of NIS is made up of four. 25% is female and 75% are male. None are disabled or minority.From the above information it is unmistakable that there are three groups of employees that are underrepresented at NIS Europe, male, disabled and minority.Attitude SurveysOnce you under taken employment with NIS Europe, they do not require you to fill in an attitude survey asking you if you were fulfil with the stages of recruitment and selection process.AN INVESTIGATION OF THE SELECTION PROCEDURES USED AT NIS EU ROPE AND TD motivity GROUP.Selection is the part of the employee resourcing process, which follows on from recruitment. It essentially involves the identifying of the most suitable of the potential employees attracted to the organisation by recruitment efforts.The crucial grandeur of selecting people who can meet the requirements described in the job description and person specification just now need to be stressed. It is equally evident that mistakes in selection can have very good consequences for corporate effectiveness. Such mistakes may adversely affect colleagues, subordinates and clients. Employee incompetence may lead to costly mistakes, loss and waste of valuable resources, accidents and avoidable expenditure on training.Employee selectors face an inevitable dilemma. They have to carry out a vitally important task, but one that at the same time is fraught with problems to which there are either no answers or no easy answers. The abiding problem is the dependence on subj ective human judgment. We must take into consideration, that fallible human beings devise so-called objective lists. For example some person specifications require certain attitudes and attributes, such as conscientious or able to stand pressure, how can the selectors identify these requirements in a person whom they do not know during the short friend of the selection process.In view of the importance and difficulties of the task, employers need to take selection most seriously. Appropriate investing at this stage can and will be cost-effective if it avoids the possibly enormous and incalculable cost that faulty employee selection may produce. For example, NIS Europe recently employed an operations manager through a recruitment agency, within six weeks of employment it was evident to NIS that he was not capable of the job he had been employed to do. Therefore NIS had to terminate his employment at a cost to the company of approximately 8,000.Other errors of the selection process could include lack of skill or experience of oppugners, stereotyping by the interviewer in the absence of more detailed information and incorrect assessment of qualitative factors such as motivation, honesty or integrity.Various selection methods are used to try to reduce the risks by gathering as much applicable information about the candidate as possible.Currently NIS Europe is working with UMIST on a competencies project where NIS is contacting their client base to investigate in terms of service, what their expectations of NIS Europe are. The information collated in turn will then be translated into competencies and then used in the selection process.Following on from our anterior systematic approach to recruitment is the systematic approach to selection Point five & six of the systematic approach to recruitment overlaps with the first & second point of the Systematic approach to selection.Stage One Processing and assessing applicationsWhen all the applicants have been rece ived by the due date, the next task is to select those applicants who, on the evidence available, appear to be the most suitable as future employees of NIS Europe and TD Travel Group and therefore, worth the time and cost of further examination in the selection procedures. The screening process is based on the published requirements for the job. It involves a scrupulous study of the information provided by the applicants, a comparison of this information with the job requirements, and then a final decision as to whether to accept or reject the applicant at this stage.Stage Two Notifying applicantsOnce the selection process from the applicants has taken place, the final step is to notify the chosen applicants of the arrangements for the selection procedures, and the rejected applicants that they have not been chosen. The letter to the successful applicants will have full details about the arrangements for the selection procedures, i.e. time and place. NIS Europe ensures that all let ters informing applicants of the result of applications are sent as soon as possible. TD Travel Group operates a very in semiformal selection procedure. If the curriculum vitae are up to standard the applicant will be called for an interview, nothing will be advised on paper, arrangements are made on the telephone. If the curriculum vitae do not have the correct qualifications for the job it will be discarded straight away and no call to advise the applicant will be made.Stage Three Possible intervieweesPossibles will then be more closely scrutinised, and a short-list for interviews drawn up. Ideally this should be done by the HR specialist and the perspective manager of the successful candidate, who will have a more immediate knowledge of the type of person that will fit into the culture and activities of his department. In TD Travel Groups case, John Owen (the operations Director) would be solely responsible for(p) for this stage, as there is no human resources department employ ed. At NIS Europe Barbara Sutton (Human Resources Director) and the line manager of the relevant department would be jointly responsible.Stage Four- Inviting candidates from the short list for interviewsAt this stage the company would require successful candidates to complete a standardised application form if not already submitted at the outset. NIS Europe standard procedure is for each applicant to submit a NIS Europe application form on with the curriculum vitae at the first stage for applying for the job. See appendix for application form. This falls in line with equal opportunities and allows NIS to obtain standard information about the applicant, that from a curriculum vita may be omitted. TD Travel Group have no standard information that is required and work off the submission of a curriculum vitae only.Stage five Interview potentially qualified candidates.Since the interview is likely to continue to monkey a major role in the selection process, it seems sensible to adopt a realistic approach, which means making the best possible use of the interview. There are many different types of interview including* matched interviews these are the most common selection method. They offer the advantages of direct face-to-face communication, and opportunity to establish plangency between the candidate and interviewer. Each has to give attention solely to the other and there is potentially a relaxed atmosphere, if the interviewer is willing to establish an informal style.* Panel Interviews A venire may consist of two or three people who together interview a single candidate, most commonly, a personnel manager and the departmental manager who will have responsibility for the successful candidate.NIS Europe use the above forms of interview, further they also have other interviewing techniques, which can be panel interviews or one to one interviews, such as* Audition interview this is predominantly to assess people in leisure and service industries it focuses on personality versus skill. This would involve exercises, which display the personality of the candidate as well as the skills.* Criteria based interview these are specific questions which highlight predetermined behavior which you are looking for e.g. if you need an outgoing person you would ask a question If somebody came into the room how would you put them at ease? You would rate the resolution as positive or negative.* Behavioral event interview ideally this interview is a taped interview. The interviewer would have a competence list on a chart and when questions asked and in turn answered, the competencies would be marked off.TD Travel has a much more informal interview technique. It is generally a panel interview conducted by the Operations Director with the General manager and also the Sales and Marketing Director. There are no set techniques it is more of a formal chat about skills and qualifications, outlined on the curriculum vitae.Stage six Selection testingOnce t he interview has taken place, some companies go one step further by inviting candidates for a selection test. These tests are all standardised so that an individuals score can be related to others, reliable in that it always touchstones the same thing and is non discriminatory. These can be in various forms* Intelligence or cognitive testing these test memory, ability to think quickly, perceptual speed, verbal fluency and problem solving skills. See appendix.* Aptitude tests these are designed to cry an individuals potential for performing a job or learning new skills.* Personality tests these may measure a variety of characteristics such as the applicants skill in dealing with other people, ambition, motivation or emotional stability. See appendix.* Proficiency tests these measure the ability of the applicant to do the work involved e.g. a typist would be asked to type, and a salesperson would be asked to sell.Td Travel does not use selection tests at all. Most people are emp loyed through word of mouth, as travel is a very incestuous business. NIS Europe use personality and aptitude tests.Stage seven Checking references of short listed candidatesReferences provide further confidential information about the perspective employee. A reference should contain* Straightforward existent information confirming the nature of the applicants previous jobs, previous employment, pay and circumstances of leaving* Opinions about the applicants personality and other attributes.At least two employer references are desirable, providing necessary factual information, and comparison of personal views. NIS Europe and TD Travel Group offer the successful candidate the job subject to checking the references.Stage eight -Institute follow-up procedures for successful applicantsThe follow up procedures include* Offer of employment Assuming that the right candidate has by now been identified, an offer of employment can be made. It is common for an oral offer to be made. With a negociated period for consideration and acceptance.* Draw up a contract or written particulars this should include all terms, conditions and circumstances of the offer must be clearly utter and negotiable aspects of the offer and timetable for acceptance should be set out, in order to control the closing stages of the process* Arrange work permits if required Work permits are required of people coming into the UK for employment* Plan induction Induction is a formal programme, designed and carried out by HRM to introduce new employees to the organisation, in all its social as well as work aspects.Stage nine- fall over all candidatesReview un-interviewed candidates and sort out those that my be kept on file for possible future use. Send standard letters to unsuccessful to applicants and fight downing letters to those being kept on file. NIS Europe will hold candidates on file for a maximum of one year. TD Travel group do not use this procedure, they would start their informal r ecruitment process again as and when required.SUMMARY OF THE SELECTION PROCESS FOR TD TRAVEL GROUP AND NIS EUROPEIt is evident from the above information that NIS Europe carries out a more formal selection procedure than TD Travel Group. This is down to the fact that NIS Europe have more employees than TD Travel Group, and therefore see it necessary to have a HR department.