Buddhist and Hindu Temples Essay - 1653 Words

Hindu and Buddhist cultures are both rich in religion and expressing their faith through art. The Buddhist culture was formed by Buddha who went out to discover the causes of pain and suffering. Once Buddha realized what the cause was, he provided a set of four guiding principles know as the â€Å"Four Noble Truths† that are exercised in Buddhism (Kleiner, p. 13). The Four Noble truths are â€Å"Life is suffering, the cause of suffering is desire, one can overcome and extinguish desire, the way to conquer desire and end suffering is to follow Buddha’s Eightfold Path†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (p. 13). These truths are expressed in the following of Buddhism and commonly carried out through art. Buddhism is practiced throughout Southeast Asia and southern India where†¦show more content†¦The stone fence surrounds the whole stopa to restrict the outside world from the sacred burial mound. The dome shape of the stopa represents the mountain of the world. The toranas are large stone pillars that are placed in the cardinal points of the stone fence, north, east, south, and west. Directly on top of the stupa sits the harmika. This harmika is a rectangle shape stone fence that represents an area of the gods. In the center of this harmika extends the yasti, a pole like structure protruding towards the universe representing the axis of the universe. There are three chatras that are pierced through the yasti. The chatras are stone discs that represent the union of the earth and the â€Å"heavenly paradise† (Kleiner, p. 15). The stupas are walked around in a clockwise manner by Buddhists because that is the same movement of the earth around the sun. This is known as circumambulation. The theory of circumambulation is that it â€Å"brings the devotee into harmony with the cosmos† (p. 15). This is the standard blueprint to which all stupas are constructed, thus allowing the Buddhists to circumambulate the structure. The Great Stupa o f Sanchi is located in Sanchi, which lies in central India. The Great Stupa follows the same basic structure blueprinted for all stupas. What makes this one so unique is that it stands fifty feet high and has two different levels that are designed to be circumambulated. There are four gates that the Buddhists enterShow MoreRelatedHindhism And Buddhism Similarities1349 Words   |  6 Pagesplaces of worship, beliefs, and rituals. Buddha temples vary in structure depending on the region but are commonly designed to symbolize the five elements. These elements include fire, air, Earth, water, and wisdom. Inside a temple varies, those built in recent times are modern whereas older temples are often very ornate. Along with the detailed decorations, a temple can often have a worship hall or a meditation hall. The most common Buddhist temples are a pagoda and the stupa. Inspired by the ancientRead MoreThe Contribution Of Angkor Wat920 Words   |  4 PagesAngkor Wat, located in Angkor, Cambodia is the largest religious monument in the world. The massive temple complex was built by King Suryavarman II in the 12th century and was used as a place of worship for Hindus and then later Buddhists. King Suryavarman II deviated from tradition and dedicated Angkor Wat to the god Vishnu as opposed to Shaiva. To this day Angkor Wat remains a religious center, as well as one of Cambodia’s largest tourist attractions. This research paper will focus on several keyRead MoreThe Religious Symbolism and Architecture of Angkor Wat and Borobudur1634 Words   |  7 Pages1220 AD, the ancient temples of Angkor Wat exist as the remaining relics of a historically and religiously rich city. While many other historical and religious structures in Cambodia have disappeared due in part from being constructed out of vulnerable materials like wood, Angkor Wat still remains as a symbol of the divinity of its former kings, as well as for the palace itself. Likewise, Indonesia’s Borodubur temples exist as the single remaining structures of the city. The temples of Angkor Wat andRead MoreConstruction Modeling And Cosmos : Study Of Indian Temple Architecture807 Words   |  4 PagesStudy OF INDIAN TEMPLE ARCHITECTURE Chapter by chapter list 1.introduction ............................................................................................. 3 1.1 Aim 1.2 Objectives 2.the HINDU TEMPLE ................................................................................ 5 2.1 Elements of Hindu sanctuary 2.2 Material of Construction 2.3 Evolution of Architectural Styles 2.4 Developments in Temple Architecture 3.the GEOMETRY OF HINDU TEMPLE .............Read MoreHinduism : Buddhism And Hinduism1045 Words   |  5 Pagesplace of birth. Yet, situated to the East area of the world, it is the leading denomination. Similarly, both religions utilize the term â€Å"Dharma†, the way of life and thought, to describe their customs. The only difference in this respect is that Buddhists link it to the teachings of Buddha, who is the founder of their faith. Both religions have a long history and are still active today and with one deriving from the other makes them comparable in some ways. However, Buddhism and Hinduism are alsoRead MoreThe Washington Memorial Honors A Special Purpose That Symbolize Events And / Or People That Have Made An Impact1093 Words   |  5 Pagesvery popular; however, there is a little known architectural masterpiece called Angkor Wat or â€Å"temple city† in Cambodia that is worthy of discussion. Located at Angkor, Cambodia, it was built in the early 12th century for King Suryavarman II. The building was to be his temple and capital city, which was dedicated to the Hindu God, Vishnu. After some time the Hindu religious site turned into a Buddhist religious place of worship. Angkor Wat is the only one to have remained as a religious center sinceRead MoreSimilarities Between Hinduism And Buddhism856 Words   |  4 PagesMany people forget that Buddha was born into a Hindu society, and his views and beliefs which led to a brand new culture are based on Hinduism. Of course I am not saying the two are the same because that wouldn’t make any sense. However, the similarities are visible, just the way differences are visible too, and these things make both cultures so amazing. First I would like to point out some of the similarities and differences between Hindu and Buddhist faiths which I think are important to understandRead MoreThe Taj Mahal or The Golden Temple820 Words   |  3 PagesTABLE OF CONTENTS Painted Art 1 History 1 Murals and Miniatures 1 Folk and Tribal Art 1 Religious Art 1 Christian Art 1 Buddhist Art 2 Islamic Art 2 Architectural Art 2 Taj Mahal 2 The Golden Temple 2 Humayun’s Tomb 2 Festivals 3 Dance 3 Theater 3 Music 3 India has some of the world’s greatest arts. For example the Taj Mahal, the Golden Temple, and Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple. In India, art is expressed in many different forms. India has one of the world’s largest collections of songs, musicRead MorePersonal Experience Of Meditation And Meditation Sessions991 Words   |  4 Pagesanxious. While in the village, I also had the opportunity to go to and participate in a temple festival. This was unlike anything I have ever done before in my life. A parade of cars stretching five miles deep drove through the Northern Thai countryside until finally coming up on what seemed to be a Buddhist temple in front of a giant field. Hundreds of people quickly emerged from the cars and ran up to the temple to watch us (being Carpe) and our host mothers and sisters participate in the traditionalRead MoreA Brief Note On The Buddhist Holiday Vesak901 Words   |  4 PagesThe Buddhist holiday Vesak is an observation of the birth, enlightenment, and death (otherwise known to the Buddhist religion as parinirvana), of Siddhartha Guantama, more commonly known as the Buddha (O Brien). Krishna Janmashtami, a Hindu holiday, celebrates the birthday of Hinduism’s favorite deity, Krishna, who was thought to be the most powerful reincarnation of the god Vishnu (Das). Both Vesak and Krishna Janmashtami are holidays that celebrate the lives of a specific and important individual

Heat Is The Transfer Of Thermal Energy Between...

Heat is the transfer of thermal energy between substances. Thermal energy is the kinetic energy of moving particles of matter. If you go camping, you usually build a fire to sit around at night. Have you ever wondered why a marshmallow cooks without touching the flame, why the smoke rises, or why water in a pan boils? Heat can move from one object to another in three different ways: conduction, convection and radiation. Some sources of heat may include the following: the sun, friction, and the earth. Life on earth depends on the sun. The sun provides heat/light for the entire solar system. A person could generate a fire by rubbing two sticks together. The Earth contains much heat seep inside. Some of the heat escapes to the surface†¦show more content†¦Thermal energy radiates through air from a fire causing the fire’s energy to transfer to the marshmallow. As stated before, thermal conductor occurs when particles of warmer matter bump into particles of cooler matter and transfer some of their thermal energy to the cooler particles. Conduction is usually faster in certain solids and liquids than in gases. Returning to the example of a camp fire; what happens if you use an old metal hangar to roast hot dogs? As the hot dogs cooks, the fire heats the end of the hanger. If we leave the hanger in the fire long enough, eventually the end we are holding will become too hot for us to handle. The flames to the metal were transferred by the heat, and then from molecule to molecule in the hanger. Now, what would have happened if you had chosen a stick to roast your hot dog? Though the stick may have caught fire, it would not have conducted the heat to your hand. This is because wood is a very poor heat conductor. Heat insulators are materials that do not let heat move through them easily. They do not conduct heat well. Plastic, wood and some fabrics are good thermal insulators. Thermal insulators are good at keeping heat out and keeping heat in. A winter scarf is a good example of a thermal insulator. It stops the heat from your body escaping into the cold air. Temperature is defined as the average kinetic energy of the particles of matter. When

The Effects Of Color On Carbonic Acid Levels - 1466 Words

The effects of color on carbonic acid levels Mustafa Abdalla Alberto Moreno, D’Mario Robinson, Alexis Downey, Mong Trinh Doan Biology 1441, Section 055; Prof. Corey Roelke; October 14th, 2014. Abstract: Different colors of light affect the development of plants in different ways. The rate of photosynthesis of each plant will differ depending on the color of the light that is emitted on it. Once the carbon dioxide is produced it will react with the water in the aquatic system, thus producing carbonic acid. We measured the carbonic acid levels with the help of phenolphthalein and sodium hydroxide to conclude that the brighter the color of the light is, the faster the plant will photosynthesize, and thus the lower the carbonic concentration of the aqueous solution. Plants use the process of photosynthesis to convert light energy into chemical energy, and carbon dioxide must be used up by the plants in order for this process to take place. On the other hand, cellular respiration produces carbon dioxide in order to convert stored energy into chemical energy (ATP. We will use Elodea for this experiment because they are simple aquatic plants. Therefore, the system that contained lower levels of carbonic acid also contained lower levels of carbon dioxide, and this concluded that photosynthesis took place since CO2 is a reactant molecule of the process, and was used up. Introduction: Elodea is a genus of aquatic plants scientifically known as Elodea canadensis or ElodeaShow MoreRelatedAn Evaluation Of A Buffer Arrangement1747 Words   |  7 Pagesinstance, when 0.01 mole of solid corrosive or base are added to refined water, the pH drops to 2 with the corrosive and ascends to 12 with the base. In the event that a similar measure of corrosive or base is added to an acidic corrosive – sodium acetic acid derivation cradle, the pH may just change a small amount of a unit. (1) Buffers are imperative in numerous ranges of science. At the point when the pH must be controlled over the span of a response, the arrangements are regularly cradled. This isRead MoreAcids, Bases, Buffers and Respiration Essay1761 Words   |  8 Pagesids Acids, Bases, Buffers and Respiration Darlene E. McDonald WCCC Fall 2012 Ap Lab 071-07 Dr. Roxanne Levandosky August 31, 2012 I. INTRODUCTION: A.PURPOSE: a. To define and understand the key terms. ~acid ~buffer system ~base ~acidosis ~pH ~alkalosis ~pH scale ~hypoventilation ~pH indicators ~hyperventilation b. To determine the acidic or base nature and actual pH of various substances. c. To discuss the formation of the carbonic acid/bicarbonate ionRead MoreMan Made Natural Disaster: Acid Rain1330 Words   |  6 PagesOzone depletion, greenhouse effect, and acid rain are man-made disasters. The ozone layer is the part of the Earths atmosphere which contains relatively high concentrations of ozone (O3). The cause of ozone depletion is the presence of Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and related halocarbons gases in the atmosphere. In the presence of Ultraviolet light, these gases dissociate, releasing chlorine atoms, which then go on to catalyze ozone destruction. The greenhouse effect, on the other hand, is a naturalRead MoreUnit 1 Lesson 1 Key Question Biology SBI4U Essay1283 Words   |  6 Pagesmillions of years old. 3) Hydrolysis - Water used to breakdown molecules. Hydro means water and lysis means to breakdown. An example of hydrolysis in action within our bodies is how our body breaks down protein into amino acids. Water is used to break protein down in to its amino acids. Condensation- Condensation is when two molecules combine and form one bigger molecule. It is exact opposite process of hydrolysis. It is also called dehydration synthesis because water is removed â€Å"dehydrated† in formingRead MoreCoral Bleaching And Its Impact On Coral Reef Ecosystems1698 Words   |  7 Pagestransferring up to 95% of their photosynthetic production, consisting of amino acids, sugars, carbohydrates and small peptides. The coral uses these to make proteins, fats and calcium carbonate. (Barnes Hughes, 1999) In return, corals provide zooxanthellae protected environment and crucial plant nutrients, such as ammonia and phosphate from their waste products. (Trench, 1979) The zooxanthellae are also responsible for the unique colors of corals. This mutualistic relationship is essential for corals toRead MoreThe Cause and Effects of Acid Mine Drainage1699 Words   |  7 PagesThe Cause and Effects of Acid Mine Drainage INTRODUCTION Imagine going fishing on a cool Autumn day, the trees are all different shades of orange, brown and red and the birds are singing their beautiful songs, but their is a serious problem because when you arrive at the river all plant and animal life are gone. This is by no means a recent phenomenon. This is due to the effects of acid rock drainage (ARD). This is a problem that has been occurring since ancient times, but it was not untilRead More The Cause And Effects Of Acid Mine Drainage Essay1712 Words   |  7 Pages The Cause and Effects of Acid Mine Drainage INTRODUCTION nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Imagine going fishing on a cool Autumn day, the trees are all different shades of orange, brown and red and the birds are singing their beautiful songs, but their is a serious problem because when you arrive at the river all plant and animal life are gone. This is by no means a recent phenomenon. This is due to the effects of acid rock drainage (ARD). This is a problem that has been occurring since ancientRead MoreGlobal Warming : What Would Happen If It Continued?1829 Words   |  8 Pagesdefined as â€Å"[chiefly of pollution] originating in human activity† (Waite 55). From this we can conclude that whatever humans are doing, we’re doing it wrong. Global warming originally occurs naturally in something called the Green House effect. The greenhouse effect transpires from the Earth’s natural fossil fuel, mainly coal. Explained in â€Å"The Carbon Crunch† the author implored that coal was the â€Å"prime villain† of emission in greenhouse gasses like carbon Dioxide and CFC. â€Å"The pollution starts asRead MoreThe Ph Of A Solution1881 Words   |  8 Pagesconditions and blue in basic conditions. There are different types of indicators that determine the pH range of the solutions and produce different colors corresponding to their acidic and basic mediums. Following is a table that displays the color change of the different i ndicators and their respective pH ranges. Indicator pH range Color Change Methyl Red 4.2 -6.3 Red - Yellow Litmus Paper 4.5 – 8.3 Red - Blue Phenol Red 6.8 – 8.4 Read MoreEnv100 Exam1670 Words   |  7 Pagesevaluation d. scientific assessment e. public education and involvement 4. Which of the following is not included in an environmental impact statement? a. nature of the proposal b. short- and long-term effects of the proposal c. why the proposal is needed d. alternatives to the proposed course of action e. guarantees that no species or habitat will be negatively impacted by the proposal 5. Which of the following action(s)

Demographics Market Includes Age Gender †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Questions: What are the implications of these factors on the present marketing mix (4Ps) strategy? Are there any potential core or secondary market segments you would recommend for this product? Answers: Coca Cola Company satisfies the needs of the different people so the primary target of the brand people who belong to different groups, age group genders, lifestyles, etc. (Bhasin, 2017) . Demographics market includes the age and gender, Coca Cola Company targets age group of 18-34. The company offers drinks to both genders including different income groups (Grosso, et.al., 2016). Basically, the company targets high-income group peoples. The secondary market for the coca cola includes customers having age group of 18-34. Psychographics market is another market which is targeted by the coca cola company. People who are brand conscious and want to maintain brand status they consume coca cola. Company product demand increases at the time of the occasion, parties and on festivals. Describe these segments in terms of demographics and/or behavioral segmentation bases. The potential core or secondary market segments include the customer of the age group of 25-34 which is included in the demographics segmentation. The company should target the people according to the product which company is manufacturing. Products include Powerade- The target audience for this product should include the athletes of age group 13-27. Minute Maide- The target audience should be kids and adults. Apart from the product separate target, there should be target audience according to the climate changes. Climate affects the company's sale as in hot areas the consumption of the beverages increases to 60%, on the other hand in winters the consumption of the coca cola decreases to 40% (Massaro, et.al., 2016). The marketing mix of coca cola includes product place price promotion. The implication of the factors in the marketing mix is discussed below. Product- Coca Cola's main product is a beverage, which is popular across the world. Company pack beverage in different sizes of bottles such as 300ml, 2 liters, 1.25 liters, 600ml. So that customer can find vary in the quantity and they will be able to buy according to their demand. Price- Segments have an impact on the pricing strategy of the company. The company keeps the price quote considering the segments in which company is targeting (Mba skool, 2017). The company provides attractive discounts on the occasion that enhances the demand of the coca cola. Place- Company generally sells the product through retailers or wholesalers or distributors that make the product available to the nearest store. As the target market of the company include youth and aged both along with both genders then company follows indirect channel of distribution which makes the product available at different places at one time (Pearson, 2016). Promotion- Promotion is must for the company to make the customer or target audience aware about the product (Czinkota, and Ronkainen, 2013). The advertisement is the best way to communicate the information to the audience. With the help of the advertisement, a company can communicate attractive package and offer to the customers. Recommendations for the organization Company current strategy is appropriate according to the situation. There is no need to bring any further changes in the strategy of the company. Further, in the future company can follow differentiated beverages which help the company to target in the new markets. So there will be a change in the marketing mix strategy of the company. References Bhasin, H, 2017, Marketing mix of Coca Cola Coca cola marketing mix, viewed on 9th August 2017, https://www.marketing91.com/marketing-mix-coca-cola/ Czinkota, M.R. and Ronkainen, I.A., 2013. International marketing. Cengage Learning. Grosso, G., Grosso, G., Bella, F., Godos, J. and Sciacca, S., 2016. 7. E. Pitch presentations: Food, diet and nutrition. European Journal of Public Health, 26, p.1. Massaro, A., Barbuzzi, D., Vitti, V., Galiano, A., Aruci, M. and Pirlo, G., 2016. Predictive Sales Analysis According to the Effect of Weather. In RTA-CSIT (pp. 53-55). Mba skool, 2017, Coca Cola Marketing Mix, viewed on 9th August 2017, https://www.mbaskool.com/marketing-mix/products/16786-coca-cola.html Pearson, S., 2016. Building brands directly: creating business value from customer relationships. Springer.

Concept of Democratic Leadership-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelpc.com

Question: To what extent is democratic leadership followed in Etisalat. Answer: Introduction: The chosen company is Etisalat Telecommunication Group Company is basically a multinational Emirati based telecommunications service provider which is presently operating in several countries across the world. The concept of democratic leadership is a participative form of leadership in which all the members of the team take an equal part in the decision making process. It is to be researched that whether democratic leadership is applied in the Etisalat Company. This would be evident from the conducted research and the interview of the manager of the group of companies whether participation is encouraged from the employees. Research Question: The research question which is to be studied is To what extent is democratic leadership followed in Etisalat. The research question is to be studied from suitable sources and on the basis of the obtained data, a necessary conclusion is to be drawn on the research question either positive or negative. Literature Review: The democratic style of leadership is a very open and congenial style of running any team. In such a sort of leadership ideas move freely, every person has the right to openly discuss his or her ideas. Such a style of leadership is required in dynamic and rapidly changing environments, in which very scarce can be considered to remain a invariable. In the fast paced organisations, there is every possible option for development in case such a style of leadership is specifically adopted. At times when conditions change frequently, democratic leadership provides a great deal of flexibility to adjust to a better way in which things can be done. The style of democratic leadership has the ability to bring out the best out of an experienced and professional team. There is an assisted capitalization of their skills and talents which helps them in sharing their views in comparison to simply expecting them to conform to existing ways (Hendriks Karsten, 2014). In order to effectively apply this style of leadership, there are certain factors which can assist this. The style thrives when all the considerations are laid out in the open for every person to examine. In discussions it is most important to ensure that ideas and opinions are on the topic as it is very easy to stray from it. It often happens that the leaders are faced with a plethora of ideas and making the crucial choices become difficult. However it is necessary for the leader to commit for the organisation to succeed (Raelin, 2012). Primary Research: From a proper study of the organisation it has been seen that democratic style of leadership is actually followed by the managers in order to help their team members in performing their tasks effectively. The managers have experience in taking crucial decisions of the company, which reduces the risk of taking any sort of wrong choices. In case the ideas are to be effective the group discussions also need to be encouraged. Staff are also kept involved about the factors which influence their work and shares the decision making and problem solving tasks. As a result, the staff members like the trust, they respond with cooperation, team spirit and high degree of morale. The company also helps in the development of plans in order to help the staff evaluate their own performance. The managers also allow the staff to enjoy their own goals. The leaders also help the staff to grow on the job and be promoted. It has been seen that the business leaders of the company are fast, smart, flexible a nd this helps the company in attracting the best talent to their business. This also facilitates the overall development (Kolachi Akan, 2014). According to the response from the leaders which is explained from the staff report, there is a deep and effective group of elevated performing leaders, who are highly mobile and can lead the strategy, technology and finance functions which provide the establishment with the flexibility to meet the plans of growth and rewarding career paths. Discussion: The Etisalet group of companies have been successful in fulfilling majority of its global aspirations which has been possible due to its great team and a world class leadership programme. The telecommunications corporation has markets across the Middle East, Africa and Asia among others. The programmes which have been launched by the Company, have been successful due to the brilliant capabilities of the company. Conclusion: Thus it can be concluded on the basis of the existing research that democratic leadership is applied to the Etisalat group of industries. Al the relevant staff reports and opinions of the higher authorities point to the fact that democratic leadership is very common in this particular organisation. This has led the company to reach a level of global success. References Al-Harithy, M. M. (2016, November). Barriers of knowledge acquisition in telecommunications companies in Saudi Arabia: An exploratory study on Etihad Etisalat Mobily. InCommunication, Management and Information Technology: International Conference on Communciation, Management and Information Technology (ICCMIT 2016, Cosenza, Italy, 26-29 April 2016)(p. 313). CRC Press. Hendriks, F., Karsten, N. (2014). Theory of democratic leadership.P.'t Hart R. Rhodes (Eds.), Oxford handbook of political leadership, 41-56. Kolachi, N., Akan, O. (2014). HRD Role in Organizational Development (A Case of Corporate Thinking at ETISALAT, UAE).International Business Research,7(8), 160. Olatunji, A. G., Ojelabi, A., Isiaq, A. A., Moshood, I., Ewaoda, A. S. (2017). Leadership training and delivery prospects of team leaders in Communication Network Support Services Limited, Ilorin.Africas Public Service Delivery and Performance Review,5(1), 8. Puddington, A. (2014). The democratic leadership gap.Journal of Democracy,25(2), 77-92. Raelin, J. A. (2012). Dialogue and deliberation as expressions of democratic leadership in participatory organizational change.Journal of Organizational Change Management,25(1), 7-23.

Research Proposal in Tqm free essay sample

There are increasing number of organisations which are adopting quality measures such as Total Quality Management as their management strategies are not only for meeting increasing demands for quality services from their customers and regulatory bodies but also for a distinct and strategic competitive advantage. This chapter will concentrate on the research design and methodology relevant to identify the Total Quality Management system of Sainsbury’s. It will also focus on the research methods used to fulfil the purpose of the thesis. A description of the problems associated with the research together with an assessment of their implication on this research will also be highlighted in this chapter. â€Å"Research can be defined as something that people undertake in order to find out things in a systematic way, thereby increasing their knowledge†(Saunders et al. , 2002). A research design is a master plan specifying the methods and procedures for collecting and analysing the needed information. We will write a custom essay sample on Research Proposal in Tqm or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It is a framework of the research plan of action. The objectives of the study determined at the early stages of the research are included in the design to ensure that the information collected is appropriate to solve the problem. The researcher faces a number of crucial design choices. These can be summarised in a categorisation of research design types. Some major ones are: ? Experiment ? Survey ? Case study ? Grounded theory ? Ethnography ? Action research ? Cross section and longitudinal studies ? Exploratory, descriptive studies. Source- Saunders et al. , 2003 Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill (2003) state that there is no one best research design for all situations. There are no hard and fast rules for good research. It means that the researcher has many alternative methods for solving the research problem. â€Å"There is never a single, standard, correct method of carrying out a piece of research. Do not wait to start your research until you find out the proper approach, because there are many ways to tackle a problem. † Source- Zikmund, 1994. In this research multi method approach will be used for the data collection. This approach and strategy obviously do not exist in isolation, and therefore can be mixed and matched. It is quite useful for a single study to combine and use primary and secondary data. Based on the past study on the research design it can be said that there are two major advantages to employ multi methods in the same study (Saunders et al. , 2003). Firstly, different methods can be used for different purposes in a study. As in this research for example, interviews will be conducted to get a feeling for the key before embarking on the most important issues. The second advantage of using this method is that it enables triangulation to take place. Triangulation refers to the use of different data collection methods in one study in order to ensure that the data is backing up the aims and objectives of the research. For example as in this case the semi structured interviews may be a valuable way of triangulating data collected by questionnaires. 4. 3 DATA COLLECTION Once the research design has been formalised, the process of gathering data from respondents can begin. In this dissertation the multi method research technique will be used. There are four basic methods for data collection namely, observation, focus group and depth interview, survey and experiments (Kotler, 2001). The use of data collection method is dependent on the nature of research topics and there is no absolute answer. Secondary data are data gathered by someone else prior to the current needs of the researcher. These data are usually historic, already assembled and do not require access to respondents or subjects. Secondary data include both qualitative and quantitative data and they can be used in both descriptive and explanatory research (Saunders et al. , 2003). Secondary data can provide a background to primary research. Even if it does not fulfil exactly what is needed, it might help to determine key variables that any subsequent primary research will have to investigate; it may help determine sampling methods or sample sizes. The secondary data is used in this dissertation for a literature survey of published article, newspaper, internet and books discussing theories. Most of the secondary data will be taken from text books, journals, newspaper and internet. Some facts and figures will be extracted from the quality records of Sainsbury’s. 4. 3. 2 PRIMARY DATA Primary data is data that is collected at source. It is collected to fulfil the demands of the current research project. Primary data is collected through experiments, observations, interviews, survey etc. In practice there were various methods, which could have been adopted for gathering the primary data for this particular research. Through careful examination the author decided to use structured questionnaires and personal interview methods to gather primary data. 4. 4 INTERVIEW Interviewing is a method of collecting data in which selected participants are asked questions in order to find out what they do, think or feel. An interview is a powerful discussion between two or more people (Ghauri Gronhaug, 2002). The use of interviews can help to gather valid and reliable data that are relevant to the research objectives. Interviews can be highly formalised and structured, using standardised questions for each respondent or they may be informal and unstructured conversations. Interviews can be classified as following types: †¢ Structured interviews †¢ Semi- structured interviews †¢ Unstructured interviews Source- Saunders et al. , 2003 Structured interviews use questionnaires based on a predetermined and standardised or identical set of questions. Each question will be read out and then the response will be recorded on a standardised schedule. By comparison semi- structured and unstructured interviews are non-standardised. In semi- structured interviews the researcher will have a list of themes and questions to be covered although these may vary from interview to interview. One aspect of semi structured interviews is that the issues discussed, the questions raised, and the maters explored, change from one interview to the next as different aspects of the topic are revealed. This process of open discovery is the strength of such interviews, but it is important to recognise that emphasis and balance of the emerging issues might depend on the order in which interviewer and interviewee participate. The author has selected semi structured interview method because it is the best way to know the view of the managers of Sainsbury’s about TQM. In semi structured interview method the interviewer have the chance to introduce different questions in different situations. As the researcher is not aware about the TQM of Sainsbury’s this type of interview method will help him to evaluate the present situation. 4. 5 QUESTIONNAIRE A questionnaire is a list of carefully structured questions, chosen after considerable testing, with a view to eliciting reliable responses from a chosen sample. ( Hussey Hussey, 1997 ). Typically a questionnaire is only one element of a data collection package that includes fieldwork procedures, such as instructions for selecting, approaching and questioning respondents. The aim of questionnaire is to find out what a selected group of participants do, think or feel. Questionnaires are the most popular data collection method in business research. The majority of the questionnaires are descriptive and analytical. The descriptive questionnaires are used to gather information related to attitude and opinion. This will enable the author to identify and describe the variability in different phenomena. Although questionnaires can be used as only a method of data collection, they are usually linked to other methods. This research questionnaire can be used to discover employee opinion and attitudes, and can be supplemented by in depth interviews to explore and understand those attitudes. In addition questionnaires normally require less skill and sensitivity to administer than semi- structured or in depth interviews (Saunders et al. , 2003). 4. 5. 1 Questionnaire design For this research the researcher has decided to prepare two sets of questionnaire: one for the employees of the Sainsbury’s and the other for the customers. The questionnaire for the employees will target to assess the awareness of the employees towards TQM, job satisfaction, and understanding of their duties and responsibilities. The questionnaire of the customer will concentrate on the expectation of the customer, their experience about shopping at Sainsbury’s and the quality of service they get. The questions will be designed in such a way that every respondent will understand it properly as it is very important to get a reliable data. The questions will not be open ended and there will be multiple choice of answers which will enable the respondents to select the answer close to their opinion. . 5. 2 REASONS OF CHOOSING QUESTIONNAIRE As per Jill Hussey and Roger Hussey (1997) state, a questionnaire survey is cheaper and less time consuming than conducting interviews, and large samples can be taken (Hussey Hussey, 1997). Open ended questions offer the advantage that the respondents are able to give their opinions as precisely a s possible in their own words but they can be difficult to analyse. Open questions may deter busy people from responding to the questionnaire. Closed questions are very convenient for collecting factual data and are usually easy to analyse, as the range of answers is limited. The drawback of multiple choice answer questionnaires is that it does not reflect the opinion of the respondents in their own words. So the researcher cannot be certain about how closely it matches their opinion. However it can sometimes be useful for dealing with sensitive issues, since it identifies different responses. It can also be useful as a means of cross checking other questions by presenting the situation in a different way. 4. 6 DATA ANALYSIS This research will contain both qualitative and quantitative data. Once data collection has been completed the phase of data analysis begins. All the quantitative data will be analyzed by using tabulation and statistical analysis. For this all the data need to be coded and entered into a standard form. Coding involves the assigning of numerical codes to responses so that they can be stored in the data field, interpreted and manipulated for statistical and tabular purpose (Wilson, 2003). After coding and data entry frequency of each question will be calculated. Frequency distribution shows the number of respondents who gave each possible answer to each question. The author will use cross tabulations as well to analyze the data as it examines the responses of one question relative to the responses of one or more questions. The qualitative data will be analyzed by using the annotation method. The annotation method involves the researcher reading through the transcripts and annotating the margins with codes or comments to categorise the points being made by respondents (Wilson, 2003). 4. 7 VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY Validity is the extent to which the research findings, accurately represents what is really happening in the situation (Ghauri Gronhaug, 2002). An effect or test is valid if it demonstrates or measures what the researcher thinks or claims it does. Research errors, such as faulty research procedure, poor samples and inaccurate or misleading measurement can undermine validity. There are a number of different ways in which the validity of research can be assessed. The most common is face validity which simply involves ensuring that the test or measures used by the researcher do actually measure or represent what they are supposed to measure (Hussey Hussey, 1997). Another form of validity, which is important in business research, is internal and external validity. Internal validity refers to the extent to which the researcher can infer that a casual relationship exits between two or more variables (Ghauri Gronhaug, 2002). External validity relates to what extent the findings can be generalized to particular persons, settings and times, as well as across types of persons, settings and times (Ghauri Gronhaug, 2002). For example when conducting an election poll, external validity is usually used as a basis for generalizing the number of voters. In this research questionnaire will be sent to those employees who work in Sainsbury’s. Precautions will be taken during the preparation of the questions so that everybody understands the questions clearly. To get a valid data following precautions will be taken: †¢ Interview will be carried out by the researcher himself. †¢ Those people who meet the requirement of the survey will be interviewed. †¢ The interview will be conducted in correct location and manner as these factors might affect the response. †¢ All the questions will be asked to the interviewee. †¢ Precaution will be taken to find out if the respondent is unhappy about anything. Reliability refers to the consistency in reaching the same results when the measurement is made over and over again (Proctor, 2000). On the contrary, validity is the extent to which any measuring instrument measures what it intends to measure. In this dissertation no tests or experiments were taken. Hence reliability of the measurement employed to collect the data is irrelevant. Since the dissertation is of descriptive nature, the data that has been collected from secondary source need to be accurate and valid. In accordance with this principle all data will be taken from recent publications. 4. 8 CONCLUSION This chapter has given an idea about the research methodology the researcher is going to adopt in this thesis. It also critically analyses the reasons of selecting any particular method for collecting data. The researcher has decided to carry out two types of questionnaires; one for the customers and one for the employees of Sainsbury’s to collect primary data. The author will conduct semi-structured interviews with the managers of Sainsbury’s to gather primary data about the management policy of the organization. The next chapter will analyse the collected data and concentrate on individual consequence. CHAPTER FIVE DATA ANALYSIS 5. 1 INTRODUCTION Previous chapter analysed the research design and the reasons of choosing questionnaire and semi structured interview for this research. This chapter will contain an intensive analysis of the acquired data. This chapter will be divided into three parts. In the first part there is an analysis based on staff questionnaire, each questionnaire findings will be analysed in this part based on previous related theory of literature review. In the second part findings of customer questionnaire will be analysed in the same process and finally the interviews will be evaluated based on recent academic theory . . 2 ANALYSIS OF QUESTIONNAIRES Data analysis is the process of bringing order, structure and meaning to the mass of collected data (Ghauri Gronhaug, 2002). Descriptive statistics is used to analyse the data because it helps to summarise the characteristics of large sets of data using only a few numbers and it is also useful in analysing data with more than one variable (Wilson, 2003). Frequency distribution is used to show the number of respondents. In addition to frequency distribution the author has calculated the percentage of those responding who selected each response. Cross tabulations are another powerful analysis technique as they examine the responses to one question relative to the responses to one or more other questions (Wilson, 2003). In addition to cross tabulation (Refer to appendix-1 2 for details) the researcher has presented the data in a variety of graphical formats using pie charts, bar charts, these can help in the communication of results and patterns in data. Two software are used to complete this analysis, firstly Microsoft XL, secondly Microsoft word. |Sample type |Total no. of questionnaires sent |No. f responses |Response rate | |Customer |100 |65 |65% | |Employee |75 |60 |80% | Table: 2. Response of questionnaires 5. 3 ANALYSIS OF STAFF QUESTIONNAIRES (Refer to appendix- 1) Question no. 1- Sex [pic] Fig. 10- Male/ female ratio The sample is biased towards male with 59. 5% response. It is very difficult to make any conclusion based on sex, because sample size is very small. But there are some significant changes found between men and women analyzed the question 4 and question 12. (Please see appendix). From there it is clear that men do change frequently for example, they are using Sainsbury as their platform of experience, so after one or two years they are switching to a new job, on the other hand women are not very frequent to change their existing job. After analysing question 12 it can be said that women like to choose easy method but men mostly prefer difficult than women to use TQM as a system. Question no. 2- Age [pic] Fig. 1- Age group/ employees percentage chart The respond to this question shows a clear skew towards younger people with 25% aged less than 25 years, 50% between 25 to 35 years, 15. 5% between 36 to 45 years and 9. 5% more than 45 years. There is a higher level of support for TQM in younger staffs but the older age group are against any technical change. Question no. 3- Work category The graph shows that higher number of people r esponded this question were from shop floor replenishment and customer service. The reason could be that there are more employees in these two categories compared to others. The trend identified in this group, are as follows- †¢ Management and office worker show higher level of acceptance to TQM than shop floor replenishment and customer service employees. †¢ In respond to question no. 12 shop floor replenishment and customer service employees have selected the method which is easy to use but the other two groups were biased in their respond. †¢ Management and office employees showed their acceptance towards higher level of communication. [pic] Fig. 12- Work category/ employee percentage Question no. 4- Service duration This graph is showing that after six months experience most of the employee want to switch their job. Before six months they are very much efficient but if they get any opportunities they want to quite the job, even when they are quite matured they want to leave the job but percentage is lower than previous three levels. So it is very important for Sainsbury’s to find the reason why employees tend to leave, as senior employees are motivated and participate fully in different programmes lead by the management. It is expensive for an organisation to train up an employee (Refer to appendix- 1). pic] Fig. 13- Service duration/ percentage of employee Question no. 5- Part time/fulltime [pic] Fig. 14- Part time/ full time Among the employees 64. 2% are part time workers, where about 29. 8% are full time workers. From the research it has revealed that part time employees are less motivated to work than full time employees, but there is a time provision for part time workers when they are really motivated. Question 4 is showing that most of the workers want to leave the job after six months or one year job experience. There could be some reasons behind taking their decision. . Part time employees also don’t participate fully in different programmes introduced by top management to increase customer satisfaction. 2. They feel less motivated as they know they cannot take any decision for the company. 3. They don’t have any stability, they know at any time they can lose their jobs. In respond to question number six about understanding of responsibility they show a skew from ignorant to confident. They also tend to work properly if supervised; this is revealed in the answer to question number seven (Refer to appendix- 1). Question no. 6- Understanding of responsibility [pic] Fig. 15- Understanding of responsibility The answer to this question is very important in the understanding of the responsibilities of employees. Sainsbury’s will have to make sure that all the employees understand their basic responsibilities, which will help them to perform their duties properly. Question no. 7- Dedication to responsibility From the graph it is clear that most of the employees are dedicated to their responsibilities. 35. 30% employees perform their duties properly if they are supervised. But half of the employees do believe that they can do better in their field they get freedom to do their into their own ways. People do not like supervision especially if they are matured in the job. But good performance only came from high level of supervision so Sainsbury will get a good customer service if employees are dedicated enough and be supervised. [pic] Fig. 16- Dedication to duty Question no. 8- Attitude towards change. Change is the key factor to get competitive advantages than other super markets. People don’t like changes especially those are old aged. Research showing that men are accepting changes better than women. From this survey it can be said that employees from Sainsbury are enthusiastic about changes and they are not hostile. [pic] Fig. 17- Attitude towards change Question no. 9- Attitude to TQM 80. 80% employee do believe that TQM system is an effective and planned way to improve customer service so need to use them for increasing job efficiency. In respond to question number 9. b. 90. 20% of the employees believe that training can help them to do better job. So training will enable them to understand their responsibility and enjoy their job. So this attitude surely help Sainsbury to make any changes into their TQM. On the response of the question no 9. c. 77. 9% employees strongly believe that TQM system will make their job easier and 74. 60% employees believe that introduction of new TQM system might change the organizational structure and may provide more opportunities for them. So after analysing question no. 9 it can be said that employees of Sainsbury will warmly accept any changes because they are enthusiastic enough to accept any changes as a result new TQM can be really effective from the employees point of view. pic] 9. a Fig. 18- Attitude towards TQM [pic] 9. b Fig. 18- Attitude towards TQM [pic] 9. c Fig. 19- Attitude towards TQM [pic] 9. d Fig. 20- Attitude towards TQM Question no. 10- Resistance to TQM This question aimed to identify how the employees will express their resistance if they are not satisfied with the TQM system of the company. The graph shows that most of the employees do not tend to express t heir resistance openly. In this situation it will be difficult for the management to know the view of the employees about any changes introduced by them. For this type of attitude the employees will not participate fully with changes and the organisation will not achieve its target. [pic] Fig. 21- Resistance to TQM Question no. 11- Change in work [pic] Fig. 22- Change in work The aim of this question was to find out the extent of changes the employees will accept in their work place regarding their responsibility and mobility. In the graph 1 represents a little change and 5 for lot of changes. From the graph it is clear that most of the employees do not expect lots of changes in the way they work. The answer to this question will help the management to decide the extent of changes they can introduce in the organisation. Question no. 12- Expectation from TQM From the research carried by the author it is revealed that about 60. 2% of the employees expect TQM method to be easy and which will fulfil their basic needs. Mainly part time workers and women are against any technical change, they always prefer the method which is easy to use. But young employees and full time employees have chosen the method which fulfils every need (Refer to appendix- 1). pic] Fig. 23 – Expectation from TQM Question no.

Steve Wozniak essays

Steve Wozniak essays At first I had began brainstorming trying to think of a subject for this paper. I had heard Mr. Perry speak of Apple computer and of Steve jobs. His rise to power and his fall from grace then his rebirth, like the phoenix from in myths and legends rising from his own ashes. However I didnt know much about the subject. So I decided on the subject of Apple computers. Then the more I researched I found a more interesting subject. In the next few pages I am going to attempt to do justice of the accomplishments of Steve Wozniak. No not the other Steve, I found Steve Wozniak a more interesting person simply because I had never heard of the man. I never new he existed. Being of lesser knowledge than most on the subject of computers I found it fascinating. The way Steve Wozniak did things. Steve Wozniak was born in 1950. A baby boomer he grew up in suburban Santa Clara Valley, California with his parents and siblings. His father was an engineer for Lockheed and his mother was the president of a Republican Womens Club. He was into electronics heavily even as a child and young teenager. While looking at a magazine article he spotted a diagram for a simple calculator called the One-Bit-Adder-Subtractor. Woz, as his friends called him, dissected the plans and made improvements. In Cupertino Science Fair he took home first prize with the Ten Bit Parallel Adder Subtractor. It was his first attempt at building a computer. This would be the beginning of a great learning era it would seem. In junior high he had already taught himself how to design programs in computer languages. At homestead high school he absorbed everything he could about electronics and physics. He fare outreached his counter parts in class. After he graduated he went on to the University of Colorado but flunked out. You see he was bored with school because he was so intelligent. At least that is what he tells everyone. Returning to Ca...